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EU countries face two major challenges in the energy sector – the control of carbon emissions and the high dependence on imported primary energy sources. Both European Commission and national governments actively develop, update and upgrade strategies and plans for the energy sector. They aim to ensure the gradual reaching of consecutive targets for increasing the weight of Renewable Energies (RE) in the European primary energy mix. The selection of Renewable Energy investment projects in these sectors involves different groups of experts who have to consider the specifics of different countries, regions, and technologies. The Decision-making process becomes more complicated, as in addition to political goals it has to ensure the efficiency and competitiveness of European economies. Several conflicting objectives have to be balanced with complex social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. Our study explores the application of combined methods and evaluation techniques for improving the assessment and selection of prospective RE projects. We implement an innovative integration of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for block criteria systematization combined with objective Shannon Entropy in the MOORA evaluation.

Nowadays, microgrids (MGs) play a crucial role in modern power systems due to possibility of integrating renewable energies into the MG system. It is expected in near future collaborating microgrids as a community has a great affect in providing efficient energy for suppliers. Therefore, optimal operation of a MG, as a first step, is an important issue in this field. In this paper, by considering an integrated MG comprised of conventional generators, photovoltaic and wind a particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to minimize the cost function of the MG. Finally, the simulation results are discussed and analyzed to evaluate the system operation.

For an effective grid integration of a large share of intermittent renewable energy sources such as a photovoltaic and a wind power, the flexible operation of the centralized or decentralized thermal power plants are required as a control reserve of demandsupply balance (frequency control). It is cleared that the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine (SOFC/GT) with additional air compressor system offers high efficiency in the wide range load operation. The efficiencyload ratio curve of the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) and SOFC/GT with air compressor system are applied to the secondary control reserve (SCR) operation units, and the daily schedule of power units in the modelled power grid is calculated. Since the efficiency at low load is high in SOFC/GT with air compressor system, the total fuel cost of the modelled power grid diminishes in the case that the SOFC/GT with air compressor system is operated at low load as a load frequency control (LFC) unit for the SCR.

The present paper shows the background analysis to develop the optimization strategy of a neighborhood heating network sited in Padua, including it in a wider project of district renovation. The case study accounts several different end users: scholastic and offices buildings, a social housing residence and residential buildings. The analysis starts from a systematic assessment of the buildings, evaluating the need of refurbishment of the envelope and of the distribution system. Further analysis focuses on the optimization of the existing heat generation system, integrating three condensing boilers, with an air to water heat pump and a ground source heat pump, which work more efficiently during base-load periods. The management of the district heating network have been investigated using the dynamic simulation tool TRNSYS, the control strategy of the delivery temperature has been tested based on the outside temperature and verifying to satisfy comfort conditions inside the buildings. A sustainable solution is the recovery and drainage of rainwater, that can be reused for the toilets’ flushing. Therefore, the project solution identified aims at a more rational use of energy sources, which is the simplest and cheapest way to proceed on the decarbonization path that is a mid-term target for the Padua administration.

In the process of society, high-density livestock farms have developed rapidly to satisfy the increasing demand for meat products. Excessive wastewater from the livestock farms accordingly brought multiple pollution and deteriorate the environment, with the wastewater containing abundant chemical energy regarded as futility. Furthermore, the ingredients of wastewater varied from distinct livestock farms as a result of different animal feeding habits. Consequently, it is a necessity for specific wastewater treatment applied to a certain farm to control various pollution incidents while effectively recovering the potential chemical energy in wastewater. Microbial fuel cell, a device that converts chemical energy in the organic matter directly into electrical energy by a microorganism, is expected to be integrated with the existing wastewater treatment systems to make up for the shortcomings of existing technologies, improve the treatment efficiency and energy recovery rate. Therefore, it is a predictable trend for the microbial fuel cell to be combined with the traditional farm wastewater treatment system. This article demonstrates two traditional manure treatment methods: composting and biogas fermentation, followed by an evaluation of four advanced wastewater treatment technologies merged with microbial fuel cell. It is concluded that incorporating microbial fuel cells with separate wastewater treatment system will be a consequential sustainable development strategy in the future, with the purpose of fecal water treatment and energy recovery efficiently achieved.

The Cogeneration laboratory is a research facility in the University of Málaga (UMA) that allows for the behavioural study of a renewable energy installation combining solar resources and micro-CHP. Energy generation in the system is provided by a 3 kWp photovoltaic array, two solar thermal connectors and a Whispergen EU1 Stirling micro-CHP unit. Energy storage in the facility is provided by water tank and lithium-ion battery. This laboratory is managed through a programmable Mitsubishi PLC that permits the simulation of different thermal and electrical load profiles, as well as the mode of operation. The electrical energy management is controlled by the solar inverter. Environmental data, are measured using a top of the line weather station.The system’s real time status is logged through the programmable PLC. All this data is transferred and analysed in a purpose-built MATLAB-based software, where power and energy balances are conducted, efficiencies are calculated, and a CO2 emissions evaluation is studied.The CO2 emissions analysis is carried to evaluate the carbon dioxide emissions generated by the facility when the electrical and thermal demand are provided by the joint solar and micro-CHP system. These emissions come from the burning of natural gas in the micro-CHP Stirling engine, and the usage of electricity from the grid. With the current mode of operation, a reduction of up to 70% in CO2 emissions has been achieved, with an energy generation that exceeds the demand.

The increasing use of variable generation technologies (VGTs) in power systems, such as wind and photovoltaic generation, has introduced new challenges in the definition of capacity remuneration mechanisms for promoting system reliability. In this context, in this article we propose a novel framework for determining the capacity value of VGTs to contribute to the generation system adequacy, as well as a corresponding method for allocating capacity payments in hydrothermal power systems. We show that the capacity value of VGTs increases with the presence of water reservoirs, since VGTs help relieving hydropower plants from using scarce water resources during off-peak hours thus making more resources available to supply the demand during peak hours.

Many earlier studies have assessed the DH generation mix without taking explicitly into account future changes in the building stock and heat demand. The approach of this study consists of three steps that combine stock modeling, energy demand forecasting, and simulation of different energy technologies. First, a detailed residential building stock model for Herten is constructed by using remote sensing together with a typology for the German building stock. Second, a bottom-up simulation model is used which calculates the thermal energy demand based on energy-related investments in buildings in order to forecast the thermal demand up to 2050. Third, solar thermal fields in combination with large-scale heat pumps are sized as an alternative to the current coal-fired CHPs. We finally assess cost of heat and CO2 reduction for these units for two scenarios which differ with regard to the DH expansion. It can be concluded that up to 2030 and 2050 a substantial reduction in buildings heat demand due to the improved building insulation is expected. The falling heat demand in the DH substantially reduces the economic feasibility of new RES generation capacity. This reduction might be compensated by continuously connecting apartment buildings to the DH network until 2050.

Buildings are key actors of the electrical gird. As such they have an important role to play in grid stabilization, especially in a context where renewable energies are mandated to become an increasingly important part of the energy mix. Demand response provides a mechanism to reduce or displace electrical demand to better match electrical production. Buildings can be a pool of flexibility for the grid to operate more efficiently. One of the ways to obtain flexibility from building managers and building users is the introduction of variable energy prices which evolve depending on the expected load and energy generation. In the proposed scenario, the wholesale energy price of electricity, a load prediction, and the elasticity of consumers are used by an energy tariff emulator to predict prices to trigger end user flexibility. In this paper, a cluster analysis to classify users is performed and an aggregated energy prediction is realised using Random Forest machine learning algorithm. This paper is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768614. This paper reflects only the author´s views and neither the Agency nor the Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Energy systems are a typical example of complex and dynamic systems and the study of their structure is of particular interest in theoretical and practical terms. Becoming the main trend of diversification and, renewable energies play important role in the evolution and dynamics of energy balances at the international, national, and local levels. Usually, natural sciences use Information Theory and the concept of entropy to assess diversity, uncertainty, and chaos in systems with a high number of components. An alternative approach to assess system complexity is to consider these issues from point of view of the concentration of resources, dominance, and hierarchy in the interactions between system components. This report presents an original method developed by the author for assessing the hierarchy in energy mix structures and the role of renewable energies. The author’s studies in the field of energy explore the evolution of markets and energy balances (energy mixes) on an international, regional and national level with a special focus on the European Union and Bulgaria. The hierarchy approach provides results in a more logical, objective, and balanced format and improves the analysis in terms of energy security and diversification. In this paper, is presented a research on the structure of the energy mix in Bulgaria.

Producing electricity at an affordable price while taking into account environmental concerns has become a major challenge in Morocco. Moreover, the technical and financial issues related to renewable electricity plants are still hindering their efficient integration in the country. In fact, the energy sector (both electricity and heat) accounted for more than half of all Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions in the kingdom due to the major reliance on fossil fuels for answering the growing local demand. The key strategies to alleviate this critical situation include the integration of more renewable energies in the total energy mix and the enhancement of energy efficiency measures in different sectors. This paper strives to (1) evaluate the potential of carbon dioxide mitigation in Moroccan electricity sector following the actual and projected strategies and (2) highlight the policy schemes to be taken in order to achieve the ambitious carbon dioxide mitigation targets in the mid-term. A system dynamics model was built in order to simulate different scenarios of carbon dioxide mitigation policies up to 2030. The results shows that the achievement of renewable energies projects by 2030 could save 228.143 MtCO2 between 2020 and 2030 and an additional 18.127 MtCO2 could be avoided in the same period by enhancing energy efficiency measures.

The need for more efficient buildings to contribute to more sustainable development has led to the establishment of targets in different countries. European countries have presented energy plans to respond to the guidelines of achieving near-zero energy buildings (nZEB). The concept can be defined at the urban scale (nZED), being a delimited part of a city with high energy efficiency and using renewable energies within its boundaries. This research aims to carry out a numerical study in a residential development in Panama, based on a proposal to redesign it, but using bioclimatic strategies and implementing photovoltaic technology. Thus, to evaluate the feasibility of nZED in the region and to function as a preliminary study to implement regulations of this type in the country. The results indicate that the indoor comfort conditions of each residential building should be evaluated in greater depth, and energy savings of 40% were obtained by implementing the recommended bioclimatic strategies and becoming independent of air conditioning equipment. In addition, photovoltaic generation outstrips demand, making the development net energy positive.

Solar energy is one of the most important sources of renewable energies, which is widely used in many fields, such as electricity production through direct production of superheated steam based on Linear Fresnel Reflector. This study aims to show the optical and thermal behavior of linear Fresnel solar reflectors field directed to the electricity production in El-Oued region at Algeria. Four days of different weather data have been selected to track the change in solar field performance. Numerical optical modeling has shown that the optical performance of the solar field has reached 53.60 %, while the thermal study based on the numerical solution of the energy balance equations of the receiver tube proved that the thermal efficiency was 37.3 % and the average thermal loss coefficient was limited between 5.72 and 5.98 W/m²K. As for the superheated steam temperature, the lowest value was recorded in December with a value of 501 K. The results obtained are very compelling and encouraging to invest in this low-cost technology.

Under the trend of global carbon emission reduction and energy transformation, variable renewable energies (VREs mainly wind power and solar) will develop rapidly. Many countries have put forward ambitious VREs development plans, and a high penetration of VREs will have a significant impact on the grid. This paper focuses on the analysis of the influence of the VREs’ penetration on the capacity of transmission lines, establishes an analysis model based on mixed integer optimization and power transfer distribution factors (FTDFs), and uses this model to carry out a quantitative study on a typical system. Through the analysis of the research results, as the penetration rate of VREs increases, the transmission power of the transmission lines and the investment cost of the transmission lines will increase, and the line utilization rate will decrease. Utility companies should pay attention to the impact of future development of VREs on grid investment costs and recovery.

This scientific work presents the results of scientific research on the use and accumulation of solar energy for heat supply of a solar greenhouse. For a real assessment of the problem, the following information can be cited as an example: in a greenhouse with a total area of 234 m2 covered with polyethylene film must be installed, on the average, with 6-8 furnaces to provide a certain amount of warm air. One furnace consumes about 2448 m3/h of natural gas for four months, and during this time 8.6 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted from one furnace. As a result, taking into account the payment for the consumption of natural gas, the problem of the cost of the obtained products, energy conservation, and also environmental protection is very urgent. To solve this problem, a solar greenhouse with an additional heating chamber was constructed at the research site of the State Energy Institute of Turkmenistan. In this structure, excess of solar and heat energy of the soil was accumulated in mountain stones, and carbon dioxide that emits soil (horse manure was used as a soil) was used to feed the Chlorella vulgaris suspension grown in the photobioreactor, which in its turn had a beneficial effect on its cultivation. To transfer heated air from the additional heating chamber to the solar greenhouse and the accumulated thermal energy of the soil, polyethylene pipes with holes were used. Due to the use of the heat capacity of the materials (rock stones), a two-layer coating of the structure, compaction of the northern side with wool and accumulated heat energy, it was possible to achieve a positive temperature in the solar greenhouse in the minus environmental values. The technologies and processes considered in this research are mainly renewable energies and technical (chemical reactions) solutions such as photovoltaic (PV) modules, phase exchange material (PCM), underground heat storage technologies, energy efficient heat pumps and facade materials for the better heat insulation. The obtained results of the research work can be applied in solar greenhouses, the construction of which is planned in the areas remote from the central power supply network, since heat supply is carried out using solar energy and electric lighting is implemented due to the solar panels with a built-in LED lamp. It should be borne in mind that the intensity of solar radiation on the territory of Turkmenistan fluctuates in the range of 700-800 W/m2, which indicates the huge possibilities of using solar energy.

World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W.

As the solar energy technology has been more competitive recently, it is common to see studies which examined how solar photovoltaic can technically emerge in the energy system in Indonesia. However, less research is conducted to study how the emergence of solar photovoltaic might impact different stakeholders in the electricity market in Indonesia. The increase of solar photovoltaic deployment will create winners and losers among the main stakeholders which are: the consumers, the national electricity company (PLN), independent power producers (IPP), and the Government of Indonesia. This paper asserts that consumers in Indonesia who do not have access to the grid will get benefits from the solar photovoltaic competitive costs. The consumers who have access to grid, however, will be indifferent in their position. In the longer term, these consumers will face the death spiral unless PLN, forced by the regulation, takes the loss. PLN will face bankruptcy due to the loss unless they invest in the distributed energy resources infrastructure. IPP will not gain in position due to unsupportive government regulations. Moreover, solar photovoltaic IPP will be vulnerable due to the policies that support imbalanced competition among renewable energies. On the other hand, the government will get some advantages that support their political agenda during the proliferation of solar photovoltaic.

Intermittent wind power, photovoltaic and other renewable energies have been paralleled, which makes the phenomena of high-order harmonics and simple harmonics more and more serious in the power system, showing a wide-frequency trend. The existing measurement algorithms mainly aim at signals in midfrequency and low-frequency. Besides, they are lack of a uniform high-precision algorithm for widefrequency measurement. To solve this problem, we propose a high-precision algorithm based on Z-ADALINE. Firstly, Zoom FFT algorithm is used to analyze original sampled signals. This step enables the refinement of its frequency spectrum, and obtains accurate frequency measurement results. At this time, the number of frequencies can also be determined. Secondly, the result of Zoom FFT is used as the input of the adaptive linear neural network(ADALINE). ADALINE can estimate amplitude and phase with high precision. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can realize high-precision measurement of frequency, amplitude and phase of wide-frequency signal effectively. Among them, the frequency resolution can be up to 0.3 Hz. The amplitude error is within 1V. Phase error is less than 0.6°. The results may provide some significant references for practical wide-frequency signal measurement in power electronic power grid.

The contribution of renewable energies to the world's total energy demand has increased particularly during the last decades, and they will continue gaining market share. The European energy and climate policies have as one of their targets 20% of final energy from renewable origin by 2020. Underground coal mines closured and flooded constitute large underground reservoirs that can be economically managed to supply geothermal energy (heating and cooling) by means of heat pumps. This paper analyzes the geothermal potential of the water stored inside the coal mines of the Asturian Central Coal Basin (ACCB) and the reduction of CO2 emissions compared to the use of fossil fuels. The results of the study that has been carried out show a capacity of 50 MWt. The potential for generation thermal energy is 112,000 MWh/year with an electric consumption of 14,000 MWh/year. The Coefficient Of Performance (COP) medium is 8 kWht/kWhe. The reduction of CO2 emissions compared to other fuel sources can reach 80%.

The worldwide environmental concern and awareness created a way towards the generation of pollution-free wind and solar renewable energies. Wind and Photovoltaic (PV) power plants of each 10 MW capacity located in the Shagaya area, west of Kuwait, were compared after one year of operation. The wind power plants recorded high capacity factors resulting in a yearly power production of 42.59 GWh, 21% higher than expected (contractual 31.160 GWh). It will reduce the emission of CO2 throughout the projected lifetime of 25 years by 118,303 tons. CAPEX (capital Expenditure) and OPEX (operation expenditure) were taken into consideration throughout the life of the plants along with investment costs resulting in a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for wind of 0.015 KWD/kWh or 0.046 USD/kWh, compared to 0.027 KWD/kWh or 0.082 USD/kWh for solar PV (44% lower than PV). Offshore, Boubyan Island, Northern Kuwait territorial waters, were found to be the foremost appropriate for wind energy generation, with Wind Power Density of more than 500 Watt/m2 in summer which is ideal for the high energy demanding season in Kuwait. The LCOE for offshore wind energy was 27.6 fils/kWh, compared to 39.3 fils/kWh for thermal power plants.

At the present time, operating hybrid air-conditioning systems that use solar energy to saving electrical energy while improving the performance has become necessary to protect the environment, reduce pollution and emissions caused by using fuels and gases. In Iraq, temperatures reach half the boiling point at summer, therefore the demand for air conditioning systems increases, air conditioning systems consume more than half of average electricity production which affects on reliability and stability of the electrical energy thus leads to a continuous power outage. So, the issue of using renewable energies becomes more attractive. Because of saving energy leads to ensuring the reliability of electricity and reduces the consumption of fuels and gases that pollute on the environment and negatively affect on the ozone layer. In the current research, the atmosphere of Baghdad city was used to collect solar thermal energy and convert it into thermal energy through an evacuated solar collector by water and combine it with a conventional air conditioner in the part that follows the compressor in order to reduce the electrical energy consumption on the compressor and increase coefficient of performance. Several tests were conducted on the proposed system to compare results with the conventional system and evaluate performance. The results showed that the coefficient of performance with the hybrid system became 8.97 more efficient instead of 4.27 compared to the conventional system, and the energy consumption decreased by 52%.

The active and reactive power sharing of distributed generation sources (DGs) connected to isolated microgrids with a single point of common coupling (mono-PCC) to which the loads are also connected has already been the subject of several studies. A high penetration rate of DGs based on renewable energies has as a logical consequence the development and implementation of mesh and more complex multi- PCC microgrids. In this paper, a developed droop control method for synchronization and power sharing between different DGs connected to a mesh islanded multi-PCC microgrid with many distributed generation sources (DGs) and different type of loads (including active load (CPL)) randomly connected to different PCCs is applied. Then, a state model of the entire mesh microgrid is developed integrating the generators with their controllers, power lines, droop algorithms and dynamic loads. This model is then used to study the asymptotic stability and robustness properties of the system. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the applied strategies for the synchronization of the different DGs to the microgrid while ensuring an efficient active and reactive power sharing. also, they confirm the validity of the developed state space model of the system.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA-2013), Electricity alone does not create all the conditions for socioeconomic growth, but it is obviously essential to meet basic human needs and facilitate the development of economic activities. For the isolated areas with high wind potential and the island suffering from the electrification problems, the prospective solution is the use of renewable energies, especially wind energy. The present paper deals with a detailed statistical study on wind energy, its parameters, and variables on Socotra Island in Yemen, where that island is isolated from the main electricity grid in addition to the difficulty of providing electrical energy to this region in light of conditions in which Yemen has been living in recent times. The simulation results prove that the mean wind speed can reach a value ranging from 8.36 to 10.36 m/s, which is a large and enough speed to generate electricity using turbine farms. Based on the k and c Weibull parameters, the maximum probability at speeds 3 and 4 m/s is 0,052, while a value of 0,085 at speed 7 m/s is given by Rayleight distribution. Every result proved that Yemen has a good wind energy potential can utilize it for electrical energy production, and that strengthens the planning of economical wind turbines capacity for electricity production in the region.

The process of operating an air conditioning system by hybrid energy that uses solar energy for purpose of saving electrical energy with improving the performance from modern and environmentally friendly systems. With high demand for air-conditioning systems in summer in hot regions, especially in Iraq due to high temperatures, the issue of using renewable energies becomes more attractive due to the continuous interruption of electrical energy. Air conditioners in Iraq consume more than half of the average electricity production. Therefore, saving energy leads to ensuring the reliability of electricity and reduces the consumption of fuel and gases that pollute the environment and negatively affect on the ozone layer. In the current research, the atmosphere of the city Baghdad was used to collect the solar thermal energy through a vacuum solar collector and combine it with a conventional air conditioner in order to reduce the electrical energy consumption on the compressor and increase the coefficient of performance. Several tests were conducted on the experimental device for comparing results with the conventional device and evaluating performance. The results showed that the performance with the vacuum solar collector became more efficient 8.97 instead of 4.27 than with the conventional system, and the energy consumption decreased by 52%.

In the last decades, the public opinion has paid great attention to environmental pollution and global warming. Energy sector has a strong impact on environment. Thus, the use of renewable energies is becoming mandatory. The present paper deals with a study of ducted Savonius turbine performance as a function of geometric and operating parameters. Ducted turbines could be used as power take-off in multiple applications. In this paper, two main applications were studied. The first application is related to the possibility to install the turbine inside building with the purpose of architectonic integration of the system. The second one is related to wave energy harvesting. In both cases the same type of turbine was used to convert input energy (wind or wave energy) into electricity. Turbine performance were studied as a function of turbine overlap ratio, as well as air flux oscillating frequencies. On the basis of the obtained results, turbine performance increase in ducted configuration and a change in best overlap ratio was registered.

Coastal areas have a large content of renewable energies such as wind energy, tidal energy and wave energy. With continuous development of wind power generation, wind energy research at home and abroad is increasing. In this research, wind data over one year were obtained from ECMWF. In order to study wind variation characteristics, wind dataset was divided into four seasonal categories. Analysis of seasonal variation characteristics of winds at the west coast of Ireland provides useful information for wind energy development and wind energy assessment.

Kinetic energy is considered as one of the renewable energies. Substantial amounts of researches were conducted to investigate the feasibility of converting the kinetic energy into electricity. Nevertheless, most of these previous works emphasized on the selection of suitable materials and the design of power generator which tends to be complicated. In this paper, a simple and yet low cost mechanism has been proposed to enhance the performance and efficiency of energy conversion from kinetic energy to electricity energy by placing a mechanical footstep power generator on the hind foot region. A total of 45 individuals were invited to participate in the experiments and the experiment results are then compared with the theoretical results.

The use of renewable energies has seen a significant increase in energy demand in agriculture, in competition with solid, liquid or gaseous fossil fuels. Wood and other forms of biomass including energy crops, agricultural and forest biomass are transformed into energy through thermal, biological or physical processes. Thermo-chemical conversion, biomass gasification, is the most attractive technology that offers a high conversion efficiency compared to direct burning or rapid pyrolysis.

In our days, it seems to us that nobody can suspect it on the importance of water and energy for the human needs. With technological advances, the energy need does not cease increasing. This problem of energy is even more sensitive in the isolated sites where the use of the traditional resources proves often very expensive. Indeed, several constraints, like the transport of fuel and the routine maintenances of the diesel engines, return the search for an essential alternative energy source for this type of sites. It summer necessary to seek other resources of energy of replacement. Renewable energies, like photovoltaic energy, wind or hydraulic, represent a replacement solution par excellence and they are used more and more in our days more especially as the national territory has one of the solar layers highest with the world. The duration of insolation can reach the 3900 hours/year on the Sahara. The energy acquired daily on a horizontal surface of 1m2 is about 5kWh, that is to say meadows of 2263kWh/m2/year in the south of the country. The photovoltaic energy utilization for pumping of water is well adapted for more the share of the arid and semi-arid areas because of the existence in these areas of an underground hydraulic potential not very major. Another very important coincidence supports the use of this type of energy for the water pumping is that the demand for water, especially in agriculture, reached its maximum in hot weather and dryness where it is precisely the moment when one has access to the maximum of solar energy. The goal to see an outline on the general composition of a photovoltaic system of pumping, as well as the theoretical elements making it possible to dimension the current pumping stations.

The aim of the presented project is the technological development of hydrogen storage in methanol. This technology enables the carbon dioxide-based chemical storage of renewable energies as well as a decentralized supply of energy and hydrogen. Additional advantages are the very good compatibility with the existing infrastructure for liquid energy storage as well as the temporal decoupling of energy production and consumption. The latter can be managed independently, thus taking into account the fluctuating nature of wind and solar energy. The centrepiece is the use of new catalysts and processes that enable the chemical reactions in the methanol cycle under mild conditions.