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Very limited information has reached the present day in terms of the institutionalization process of painting education, the opening of private schools providing painting education, their curriculum, staff and general operating rules. Within the framework of the renewal movements of the Ottoman Empire, painting lessons were included in the education curriculum of military schools. Although the domestic and foreign press of the period, travelogues, memoirs, diaries, archive documents are limited sources of information in this field. Pera and its surroundings, where foreign painters lived during their travels to the Ottoman geography, also turned into the art production and education area of the Ottoman Empire, in other words, the art environment. Pierre Désiré Guillemet (1827-1878) opened a school called Academie de Dessin et de Peinture and his activities laid the foundation for the idea of opening a school for the public and providing art education in the minds of Ottoman high-ranking bureaucrats. On the one hand, the Sanayi-i Nefise-i Şahane was taking shape and, on the other hand, the workshops and courses initiated by Western painters in the very early period continued their existence by increasing in number, and later they turned into private painting schools. In this article, for the first time, information will be given about educational staff, curriculum, rules, educational conditions and fee policy of a painting school with a special status in the light of the regulation of the painting school belonging to the painter Mehmed Muazzez Özduygu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media influences governments' decisions by approving or condemning a matter, as well as manipulating the masses in line with the views of political elites. By using mediatization and framing approaches which underline the bi-directional influence of media in shaping public opinion, this paper focuses on the perception of "civilisation" and "Westernisation" in national newspapers during the period of Syrian refugee crisis. Content analysis of newspapers reveals the presence of an intense and widespread anti-EU and anti-Europe discourse in newspapers during this period. The perception of the West and the Muslims was sharpened in the newspapers, when the EU refused to accept Syrian asylum seekers who tried to reach Europe through Turkey on security grounds. This era has provided a suitable environment for JDP government to realize its modernisation vision, which constitutes an alternative to the Westernoriginated classical modernism. This quest of alternative modernization which emerged as a form of reaction to the Kemalist elites' target of "reaching Western civilization" in the foundation of Turkish Republic-also to Europe and its secular modernization- and the glorification of Islamic Civilization can be conceptualized as "desecular modernization". In this context, desecular modernisation which is reflected to the newspapers through the frames of "hypocrisy of the West", "rise of Islamophobia in the West", "collapse of Western civilization" and "rise of Islamic civilization" has been dominant in the media, while the classical modernization which is reflected in the newspapers through the idea of the West as the centre of civilization has lagged behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a conflict in social sciences about how to conceptualize structural period of change that Turkey has passed through in the first half of 20th century. This conflict turns up when the period is explained with concepts of westernization, being contemporary or modernization. Nevertheless, there is a significantly consensus about changes that have been in Western orbit. While westernization thesis acts as a template in the analysis of Turkish modernization, it is accepted that Turkey will not create a unique modernity. It is the fact that conceptual disagreement and templateism reveal problems in analysing Turkish modernization. This article emphasizes the need for a theoretical perspective to address those problems. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal on which principles and foundations of modernity are based. Thus, the connection can be established with the transformation process of Turkey and modernity. However, Turkish modernization represents a different version of modernity. Multiple modernities and later modernities approaches show the way to save the analysis of Turkish modernization from Western centricity. Through these approaches, it shows the emergence of Turkish modernization with the implementation of a national modernity project. Therefore, this study proposes a conceptual perspective for the analysis of Turkish modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey-EU relations has 50 years past with many hesitations and ambitions. Nevertheless, these relations may interrupt many times for some political reasons. Recently, we were informed by the mass media that the political discussions between the EU and Turkey will be resumed after an interruption of three years. These discussions have as their main objective the eventual membership of Turkey of the European Union, a membership that is characterized on both sides by several hesitations. During many years the enlargement of the European Union by the inclusion of European states as members of the EU has been a process that, excluding for Turkey's membership, did not arouse much public discussion in spite of the fact that it was far from being a democratic process. In this context, we will attempt to analyze Turkey's accession issue into the EU within the identity perspective and recent developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]