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Over recent years, there has been exciting growth in collaboration between academia and industry in the life sciences to make data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) to achieve greater value. Despite considerable progress, the transformative shift from an application-centric to a data-centric perspective, enabled by FAIR implementation, remains very much a work in progress on the 'FAIR journey'. In this review, we consider use cases for FAIR implementation. These can be deployed alongside assessment of data quality to maximize the value of data generated from research, clinical trials, and real-world healthcare data, which are essential for the discovery and development of new medical treatments by biopharma.

In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress in ontology mapping (OM) at a crucial time when biomedical research is under a deluge of an increasing amount and variety of data. This is particularly important for realising the full potential of semantically enabled or enriched applications and for meaningful insights, such as drug discovery, using machine-learning technologies. We discuss challenges and solutions for better ontology mappings, as well as how to select ontologies before their application. In addition, we describe tools and algorithms for ontology mapping, including evaluation of tool capability and quality of mappings. Finally, we outline the requirements for an ontology mapping service (OMS) and the progress being made towards implementation of such sustainable services.