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Background This secondary analysis aims to describe, over time, the relationship between HIV disease progression and intention to quit cigarette smoking among current monocigarette users with and without a lifetime history of polytobacco use. Methods Participants completed a baseline assessment at the time of HIV care initiation and four follow-up assessments (3, 6, 9, and 12-months). Assessments included biochemically verified smoking status and audio computer-assisted self-interviews assessing psychosocial, substance use, and clinical variables known to influence smoking behaviors. Using linear and generalized linear fixed-effects models, we modeled the covariance structure for the repeated outcome measures (intention to quit and 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence) across the study time points and included a three-way interaction term to examine the effects of disease stage and tobacco product use. Results Participants (N = 357) were 73.1% male, 67.3% black/African American, and had a mean (SD) age of 38.7 (10.6) years. At baseline, lifetime polytobacco users reported significantly worse HIV-related symptoms and burdens, illness perception, social support, and nicotine dependence. Intention to quit, but not smoking abstinence, was predicted by a three-way interaction between time from HIV care initiation, disease progression, and tobacco product use (p = .04). Overall, progressive HIV was associated with greater intention to quit smoking cigarettes. However, the relationship differed over time between the two tobacco product groups. Conclusion Future studies should consider tailoring the timing of cessation interventions upon disease stage and lifetime history of polytobacco use.

Background Few studies have examined how daily adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) impacts daily smoking abstinence. Methods Data from a pilot randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based smoking cessation intervention were used. Separate, generalized linear mixed models examined the association between ecological momentary assessments of NRT use and same-day and next day smoking status. Separate models examined the relationship between daily smoking status and (1) any use of NRT, (2) quantity of nicotine gum used, and (3) nicotine patch wear time. Reasons for medication non-adherence were also examined. Results Participants (n = 77) were predominantly White (66.2%) and female (50.6%), 50.4 years old (SD = 11.6) on average, and they smoked an average of 21.8 cigarettes per day (SD = 11.0) at baseline. Daily NRT use was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of smoking both within that same day and the following day. While using the gum and patch together, and using the patch alone were associated with reduced odds of same-day and next-day smoking, using the gum alone was not significantly associated with reduced odds of smoking. The most commonly cited reasons for not using the patch or gum was “other” (43.3%), followed by “side effects” (27.1%), and “forgot” (18.9%). Conclusion Daily use of the patch or both the patch and gum was associated with a lower risk of daily smoking. Low levels of nicotine gum use alone may not be an effective cessation strategy. Future studies should further explore reasons for NRT non-compliance, and ways to increase NRT adherence.

Background Little is known about the correlates of e-cigarette (EC) use among adults seeking smoking cessation treatment, and it is unclear how EC use affects smoking treatment outcomes. Methods Participants were 649 adult smokers enrolled in smoking cessation treatment. Participants completed a baseline (pre-quit) assessment with follow-up at 4-, 12-, and 26-weeks after a scheduled combustible cigarette (CC) cessation date. EC use was described before and after the CC cessation date, and the impact of baseline EC use on CC cessation at follow-up was evaluated. Results At baseline, 66.6 % of participants had ever-used ECs and 23.1 % reported past 30-day EC use. Past 30-day EC users were younger, more socioeconomically disadvantaged, more CC dependent, and less likely to report Black race compared to non-users. At the 4-, 12-, and 26-week follow-ups, 6.4 %, 7.4 %, and 8.1 % reported dual EC/CC use; and 2.7 %, 3.4 %, and 2.7 % had switched to exclusive EC use. Past 30-day EC use at baseline was not associated with CC cessation at any follow-up. However, among baseline past 30-day EC users (n = 150), using ECs ≥ once per week was associated with a lower likelihood of CC cessation at 26-week follow-up (adjusted OR 0.346, 95 % CI: 0.120, 0.997). Conclusion Findings indicated that dual users of CCs and ECs at baseline differed from CC-only users on sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Baseline EC use did not impact smoking cessation overall. However, among past 30-day users, more frequent EC use at baseline adversely impacted longer-term cessation outcomes, perhaps due to greater baseline CC/nicotine dependence.