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Background: Diabetes is associated with genetic susceptibility, and family history is a risk factor. The study investigated the association between different family history risk levels and the prevalence of diabetes in a multi high-risk cohort and evaluated the impact of family history of diabetes on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from 9754 adults who participated in the Shanghai High-Risk Diabetic Screen Project between 2002 and 2012. The association among three family history risk levels (mild, moderate, and high) with the prevalence of diabetes, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity was evaluated in the multi high-risk cohort.Results: Overall, 69.6%, 24.8%, and 5.6% of participants were categorized as having mild, moderate, and high familial risk, respectively. The standardized prevalence was higher in the high family history risk group (43.1%) than in the moderate group (37.3%) and in the mild group (23.5%) (P < 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) were significantly increased in the moderate group (OR 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.40, P < 0.05) and in the high group (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.41-2.02, P < 0.05). Among the 3245 normal glucose tolerance participants, insulin secretion significantly declined with increasing levels of family history risk, but there were no significant differences in insulin sensitivity among the three groups.Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes was independently associated with an increasing family history risk level among multi high-risk Chinese populations. Subjects with moderate and high familial history of diabetes displayed a significant decrease in insulin secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was designed to clarify the influence of metformin on serum carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) levels and its associated factors in Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Subjects and Methods: In total, 1,253 T2DM patients were enrolled, including a non-metformin group ( n=616), a short-term metformin group (at least 1 week to 2 years; n=325), and a long-term metformin group (≥2 years; n=312). Their clinical and biochemical characteristics were collected and compared. After 1 year, the biochemical parameters were re-examined in 296 patients. Sex hormones were determined, and associations between CA199 and other variables were assessed. Results: At baseline, the incidence of abnormal CA199 levels was 14.7%, 8.9%, and 4.7% in the non-metformin, short-term metformin, and long-term metformin groups, respectively. CA199 levels in females were significantly higher than in males ( P<0.01) and decreased significantly with the time of taking metformin (25.60±13.68 U/mL in non-metformin controls vs. 17.62±10.87 U/mL in the short-term group vs. 10.54±8.14 U/mL in the long-term group; P=0.000). The correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that glycosylated hemoglobin, metformin, gender, total cholesterol, and follicle-stimulating hormone were independent impact factors on CA199 concentrations (all P<0.05). Binary logistic regression revealed that the risk of abnormal CA199 concentrations of the total population with short-term metformin or long-term metformin treatment decreased 11% (odds ratio=0.89; P=0.001) and 30% (odds ratio=0.70; P=0.000), respectively, at baseline. After a 1-year follow-up, the incidence of high CA199 level decreased in both the short-term and the long-term metformin group compared with that of controls ( P<0.05). The extent of CA199 decrease in the long-term metformin group was the greatest (−17% vs. −4.9% in the short-term group vs. 3% in controls, P=0.000), and the group's risk of high blood CA199 level was reduced 67% (odds ratio=0.33; P=0.023). The reduction in women was more apparent than that in men (−18% vs. −5%, P=0.000). Conclusions: Metformin therapy reduced the CA199 level in Chinese T2DM patients, and its greatest decrease occurred in women with longer therapeutic time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]