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Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most important issues in elderly people because of its association with ensuing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The components of MetS play a key role in the pathogenesis of arterial thickness and stiffness. Pulse pressure (PP), an easily accessible parameter in a basic health evaluation, has been documented as a marker of arterial stiffness and widespread atherosclerosis. The aim of our study was to assess the association between PP and MetS in Korean elderly people.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the relationship between PP and MetS among 6187 participants (2687 men and 3500 women) aged 60years older Korean people using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS were calculated across PP quartiles using multiple logistic regression analyses.Results: There was a positive relationship between PP and MetS in a dose-response manner. The prevalence of MetS significantly increased with increasing PP quartile in both men and women (p<0.001). Compared with the lowest PP quartile group, the ORs (95% CIs) for MetS of the highest PP quartile was 2.60 (1.91-3.52) for men and 1.97 (1.48-2.59) for women after adjusting for age, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, regular exercise and mean arterial blood pressure. These associations remained valid after additionally adjusting for hypertension and diabetes medications.Conclusion: We found a positive relationship between PP and MetS among Korean elderly men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Previously rare among Alaska Native (AN) people, type 2 diabetes (DM2) prevalence as indicated by registry data has increased by as much as 300% in some western Alaska regions. We sought to determine prevalence and incidence of DM2 and analyze associated cardiometabolic risk factors in western AN people. Methods DM2 and prediabetes prevalence and incidence were determined by the Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health using consolidated data from cohort studies conducted during 2000–2010. Crude and age-adjusted incidence for DM2 and prediabetes were calculated using 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria. Effects of covariates on DM2 and prediabetes were determined using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses, adjusted for age and sex. Results Excluding baseline diabetes ( n = 124, 4.5%), 53 cases of new DM2 were identified among 2630 participants. Age- and sex-adjusted DM2 incidence was 4.3/1000 (95% CI 2.9, 5.0) person-years over an average 5.9-year follow up. After excluding baseline prediabetes, 387 new cases of prediabetes were identified among 1841 participants; adjusted prediabetes incidence was 44.5/1000 (95% CI 39.5, 49.5) person years. Independent predictors for DM2 included age, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome; family history of diabetes and obesity were additional independent predictors for prediabetes. Conclusions DM2 incidence in western AN people is substantially lower than that for U.S. whites; however, incidence of prediabetes is more than 10-fold higher than western AN DM2 incidence and more closely aligned with U.S. rates. Interventions aimed at achieving healthy lifestyles are needed to minimize risk factors and maximize protective factors for DM2 in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels have been linked to metabolic syndrome. However, community-based data for healthy Korean individuals are lacking. We aimed to assess the vitamin D status and the association of 25(OH)D deficiency with metabolic syndrome in the South Korean population (latitude 33–38°N). Methods: In this population-based study, we assessed 5559 South Korean adults selected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-2, 2008. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the association between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/mL) was 56.0%. Subjects with vitamin D deficiency were younger and had higher education, lower physical activity, and lower alcohol consumption than those with normal vitamin D levels. The overall risk of metabolic syndrome was not associated with 25(OH)D concentration. The adjusted OR of reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased across the quintiles of 25(OH)D concentrations (OR=0.72; 95% confidence interval=0.54–0.95 for comparisons of lowest vs. highest quintile; P for trend=0.003). Conclusions: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was noted in the general South Korean population. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with the risk of having reduced HDL-C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To explore the utility of the HbA1c criterion in the definition of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Koreans, we cross-sectionally analyzed clinical and laboratory data on 11,293 non-diabetic Korean adults (aged 20–89years, 34% women) collected during regular health checkups. Dysglycemia was defined as either fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥5.6mmol/l or HbA1c ≥5.7%. The prevalence of MS as judged by the HbA1c criterion alone (17.8%) was significantly less than that determined by FPG level alone (24.5%). Use of a combination of both criteria slightly increased the prevalence of MS (26.0%). Among the 2953 subjects categorized as having MS using the combined criteria, 929 (31%) were diagnosed by the FPG criterion alone, 177 (6%) by the HbA1c criterion alone, and 1847 (63%) using both criteria. The group diagnosed using FPG values alone had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma insulin levels, and insulin resistance index compared with those in the group diagnosed using HbA1c levels alone. In men, the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was significantly higher and the HDL-cholesterol level was lower in the HbA1c-alone group. Therefore, employment of the HbA1c criterion may be useful to define MS in subjects at increased risk for atherosclerosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: In the modified ATP III definition for metabolic syndrome (MS), the cut-off values for central obesity were set to ≥90cm for male and ≥80cm for women. Recently, a new Chinese definition for central obesity was set to ≥90cm for male and ≥85cm for women according to the corresponding BMI value of 25kg/m2. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal WC cut-off points to reflect the cluster of multiple risk factors for adults in Beijing. Method: The data collected during the surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Beijing 2005 were used, with a total of 16,711 adults studied. Subjects with two or more components from the modified ATP III definition other than central obesity were considered to have multiple risk factors. Results: The optimal WC cut-off points were 87cm in men and 80cm for women. When applied the WC advised definition for MS, the age-standardized prevalence was 38.0% for male and 32.3% for women, which is significantly higher than using the original one for men (34.7% vs 32.3%, P <0.001). Conclusion: The present study indicated that optimal waist circumference cut-off points were lower than that proposed in the modified ATP III definition, especially for men. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Moderate alcohol consumption is known to be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, few studies reported that long-term alcohol drinking may increase the prevalence of central obesity, and cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between metabolic syndrome, nutritional factors and alcohol intake amount in Korean male rural population. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on data from Korean Rural Genomic Cohort (KRGC) study. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of metabolic syndrome according to alcohol intake amount categories (never, 0–16g/day, 16–40g/day, and >40g/day). The age adjusted odds ratio for the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly increased in the quartile with the highest alcohol consumption compared to the non-alcohol drinking group (1.33; C.I., 1.11–1.59). These results were similar in the high energy intake group, but not in the low energy intake group. Waist circumference, blood pressure, and serum triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the quartile with the highest alcohol consumption compared to the non-alcohol drinking group. These results suggest that large alcohol consumption is associated with metabolic syndrome and may be a modifiable risk factor of metabolic syndrome especially in subjects with high calorie intake. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We aimed to establish the prevalence and characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and compare it with type 2 diabetes in 1370 Korean patients. The prevalence of LADA was 5.1%. Low C-peptide level and absence of metabolic syndrome were variables independently associated with the diagnosis of LADA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]