1. Noninvasive Hypoglycemia Detection in People With Diabetes Using Smartwatch Data.
- Author
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Lehmann V, Föll S, Maritsch M, van Weenen E, Kraus M, Lagger S, Odermatt K, Albrecht C, Fleisch E, Zueger T, Wortmann F, and Stettler C
- Subjects
- Adult, Male, Humans, Middle Aged, Aged, Hypoglycemic Agents, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring methods, Blood Glucose analysis, Insulin, Hypoglycemia diagnosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
- Abstract
Objective: To develop a noninvasive hypoglycemia detection approach using smartwatch data., Research Design and Methods: We prospectively collected data from two wrist-worn wearables (Garmin vivoactive 4S, Empatica E4) and continuous glucose monitoring values in adults with diabetes on insulin treatment. Using these data, we developed a machine learning (ML) approach to detect hypoglycemia (<3.9 mmol/L) noninvasively in unseen individuals and solely based on wearable data., Results: Twenty-two individuals were included in the final analysis (age 54.5 ± 15.2 years, HbA1c 6.9 ± 0.6%, 16 males). Hypoglycemia was detected with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76 ± 0.07 solely based on wearable data. Feature analysis revealed that the ML model associated increased heart rate, decreased heart rate variability, and increased tonic electrodermal activity with hypoglycemia., Conclusions: Our approach may allow for noninvasive hypoglycemia detection using wearables in people with diabetes and thus complement existing methods for hypoglycemia detection and warning., (© 2023 by the American Diabetes Association.)
- Published
- 2023
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