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Vitis vinifera extract (VVE) contains proanthocyanidius (OPC) which has antioxidant and free radical scavanging activities, so it has been used for protection against oxidative damage. Antioxidants are well known for therapeutic potential in neuronal damage and have been commonly used in the diabetic neuropathy. In this study, the extract of VVE was evaluated for neuroprotective and neurotrophic effect in diabetes induced mice. Mice were divided into four groups according to the VVE dosage such as controls (n=10), diabetes (n=10), diabetes with 100mg/kg VVE (n=10), and diabetes with 250mg/kg VVE (n=10). After 12weeks, a 3mm diameter area of skin was punchbiopsied from the dorsum of foot. Using immunofluorescence method with PGP 9.5 polyclonal antibody, epidermal innervation was quantified as nerve fiber number per unit length of epidermis (IENF/mm) using MagnaFire digital camera (Optronics, Goleta, CA). Daily administration of VVE to diabetes induced mice at doses of 100 and 250mg/kg for 12 weeks protected nerve fiber loss and induced neurotrophic activity compared with untreated mice as followings: control group (40.95±5.40), diabetes group (28.70±6.37), diabetes group with 100 mg/kg (41.14±1.12), and diabetes group with 250mg/kg (48.98±7.01) (p<0.05. Fig. 1). This study suggests scientific support for the therapeutic potential of antioxidant VVE in the peripheral neuropathy, especially associated with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic exercise training has long been considered an important part of the management in type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding the glucose level changes that occur in subjects with type 2 diabetes after an acute bout of exercise in relation to meal. This study was designed to determine the influence of moderate exercise, performed in fed and fasted state on plasma glucose response, insulin, glucagon in type 2 diabetic patients. Fourteen type 2 diabetic patients (age: 49.07 ± 12.20 yrs, BMI: 24.66 ± 3.24 kg/m², duration 2.58±2.06) participated in exercise training program underwent at 50% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO[sub 2]Peak) for 30min. Exercise was carried out fasted state and 2h postmeal. The plasma glucose level was significantly higher at the beginning of exercise in the fed state more than the fasted state (10.23 ± 2.83 vs 6.93 ± 1.47 mmol /L, p<0.01). Moreover, 5min and 30min after postmeal exercise, changes in glucose concentrations were much larger compared with the value in the fasted state (-3.46 ± 1.90, -3.65 ± 2.16 vs -0.23 ± 0.94, -0.32 ± 0.87 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.05). Insulin levels in fed state were higher than the fasted state at the beginning of the exercise bout performed and 5min and 30min after exercise (260.50 ± 133.78, 112.21 ± 50.32, 106.85 ± 43.82 vs 57.79 ± 23.21, 55.14 ± 22.19, 55.74 ± 25.84 pmol/L, respectively p < 0.05). Changes of insulin level at 5min and 30 min after exercise were associated with changes of glucose and glucagon level (r=0.645, r=0.695 in glucose, r=-0.380, r=-0.397 in glucagon; p < 0.05). Aerobic exercise has a minimal impact on plasma glucose level when performed in fasted hyperglycemic type 2 diabetes patients. But marked decrease in plasma glucose level occurred when the exercise had performed 2 h after meal. Because glucose utilization was increased similarly during exercise in both conditions, the higher insulin levels after the meal might have blunted glucose production and made an imbalance between total glucose production and total peripheral utilization in the fed state in contrast to the fasted state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]