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Evaluation of bioelectrical impedance values and body composition during early infancy in groups of preterm newborns and full-term newborns.A total of 38 newborns was enrolled in the study: 26 very low birth weight preterm newborns with the mean birth weight of 1236 g (SD: 161) as the study group and 12 term newborns with birth weight of 2500-4000 g as the control group. Anthropometric measurements and body composition using bioimpedance analysis at the age of 1 week and at the age of 3 months were assessed.At the age of 1 week we noted higher resistance with the impedance variables R5, R50 R100 in the group of preterm newborns compared to the full-term newborns' group (923(144) vs. 647(78) p0.01; 870 (140) vs. 615 (73) p0.01; 844 (141) vs. 599 (72) p0.01). Moreover, the bioimpedance index and fat mass (%) were significantly lower in the group of preterm infants at the age of 3 months (3.81 (0.9) vs. 5.72 (1.1) p0.01; 16.1% (1.7) vs. 18.9% (2.7) p = 0.006). We observed a decreased amount of the percentage of total body water (TBW%) in both of the analyzed infant groups throughout the observational period. At the age of 3 months the amount of TBW % was similar in both groups (71.5% (7.03) vs. 70.8% (8.8) p = 0.8).Bioimpedance analysis is a simple, non-invasive, repeatable method to estimate total body water, fat-free mass, and fat mass, both in term and preterm newborns. The study confirms differences in body composition between preterm newborns and full-term newborns. Moreover, we have shown that the differences are present until the end of the 3rd month of life, with the exception of the amount of water percentage (TBW %), which are similar in both groups.

Prematurity is a high risk factor threatening the well-being of newborns and their somatic and psychological development in the future. Preterm babies need special medical care in which proper nutrition and metabolic control play an evident role. Our review presents the current knowledge concerning the clinical value of different methods investigated in the neonatal unit setting, including: protein markers of nutritional status (albumin,prealbumin, transferrin, and Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) and hormonal markers of nutritional status (somatomedin C, visfatin and ghrelin). Moreover, there is a discussion of the methods used for evaluating body composition. A variety of different techniques based on the physical properties of organisms was tested on neonates, e.g. the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Based on the review of the literature, we can speculate that none of the above methods represents a good single marker of the babies' nutritional status, or a prognostic factor for the future development of premature infants and infants born with IUGR. A combination of several methods from different groups seems to be a promising possibility. It is critical to continue looking for markers that will in a simple and efficient way help to optimize the correct nutritional therapy in infants with IUGR and those who were born prematurely.