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Transcriptional autoregulation occurs when transcription factors bind their own cis-regulatory sequences, ensuring their own continuous expression along with expression of other targets. During development, continued expression of identity-specifying transcription factors can be achieved by autoregulation, but until now formal evidence for a developmental requirement of autoregulation has been lacking. A new paper in Development provides this proof with the help of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the C. elegans nervous system. We caught up with the paper's two authors: postdoc Eduardo Leyva-Díaz and his supervisor Oliver Hobert, Professor of Biological Sciences and HHMI Investigator at Columbia University, New York, to find out more about the work.

Our understanding of lineage decisions in early human development has been greatly aided by embryonic stem cell lines, which avoid many of the practical and ethical difficulties of in vivo material. A new paper in Development exploits naïve human embryonic stem cells to generate in vitro models for the extra-embryonic endoderm. We caught up with first authors Madeleine Linneberg-Agerholm and Yan Fung Wong, and their supervisor Josh Brickman, Professor of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem) in Copenhagen, to hear more about the work.

Retinal ganglion cells connect the retina to the brain, and their degeneration underlies glaucoma, which is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in humans and currently untreatable. Replacement of lost cells could be achieved by in vivo reprogramming of endogenous cells in the retina, a strategy explored by authors of a new paper in Development who focus on a transcription factor renowned for its reprogramming ability in other contexts. We caught up with first author Maurício Rocha-Martins and his former supervisor Mariana Silveira, Professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, to find out more about the story.

A fundamental aim in developmental biology is to understand how the various cell types of the body are specified by differential gene regulation. Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system development provides a powerful system for studying this, as exemplified by a new Development paper reporting on how the BAG neurons that help the worm sense oxygen and carbon dioxide are specified. We caught up with first authors Julia Brandt and Mary Rossillo and their supervisor Niels Ringstad (Associate Professor at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology at New York University) to find out more about the story.

Susan Mathews examines the complex and largely unsettled relationship between the millennium development goals (MDGs), poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) and human rights discourse, partly through analysing the proposal that PRSPs be aligned to MDGs. A major risk is that the MDGs and PRSPs aligned create an amalgam of policy formulae that bring together the goal stringency of the former and the macroeconomic and structural reform orthodoxy of the latter, which could seriously hamper poverty reduction and disempower low-income countries and its poor peoples. Development (2007) 50, 76–82. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100362

Interpretation of the results of anatomical and embryological studies relies heavily on proper visualization of complex morphogenetic processes and patterns of gene expression in a three-dimensional (3D) context. However, reconstruction of complete 3D datasets is time consuming and often researchers study only a few sections. To help in understanding the resulting 2D data we developed a program (TRACTS) that places such arbitrary histological sections into a high-resolution 3D model of the developing heart. The program places sections correctly, robustly and as precisely as the best of the fits achieved by five morphology experts. Dissemination of 3D data is severely hampered by the 2D medium of print publication. Many insights gained from studying the 3D object are very hard to convey using 2D images and are consequently lost or cannot be verified independently. It is possible to embed 3D objects into a pdf document, which is a format widely used for the distribution of scientific papers. Using the freeware program Adobe Reader to interact with these 3D objects is reasonably straightforward; creating such objects is not. We have developed a protocol that describes, step by step, how 3D objects can be embedded into a pdf document. Both the use of TRACTS and the inclusion of 3D objects in pdf documents can help in the interpretation of 2D and 3D data, and will thus optimize communication on morphological issues in developmental biology.

As studies aim increasingly to understand key, evolutionarily conserved properties of biological systems, the ability to move transgenesis experiments efficiently between organisms becomes essential. DNA constructions used in transgenesis usually contain four elements, including sequences that facilitate transgene genome integration, a selectable marker and promoter elements driving a coding gene. Linking these four elements in a DNA construction, however, can be a rate-limiting step in the design and creation of transgenic organisms. In order to expedite the construction process and to facilitate cross-species collaborations, we have incorporated the four common elements of transgenesis into a modular, recombination-based cloning system called pTransgenesis. Within this framework, we created a library of useful coding sequences, such as various fluorescent protein, Gal4, Cre-recombinase and dominant-negative receptor constructs, which are designed to be coupled to modular, species-compatible selectable markers, promoters and transgenesis facilitation sequences. Using pTransgenesis in Xenopus, we demonstrate Gal4-UAS binary expression, Cre-loxP-mediated fate-mapping and the establishment of novel, tissue-specific transgenic lines. Importantly, we show that the pTransgenesis resource is also compatible with transgenesis in Drosophila, zebrafish and mammalian cell models. Thus, the pTransgenesis resource fosters a cross-model standardization of commonly used transgenesis elements, streamlines DNA construct creation and facilitates collaboration between researchers working on different model organisms.

Current approaches to differentiate embryonic stem (ES) cells to hematopoietic precursors in vitro use either feeder cell, serum, conditioned culture medium or embryoid body, methods that cannot avoid undefined culture conditions, precluding analysis of the fate of individual cells. Here, we have developed a defined, serum-free and low cell-density differentiation program to generate endothelial and hematopoietic cells within 6 days from murine ES cells. Our novel approach identifies a set of factors that are necessary and sufficient to differentiate ES cells into definitive hematopoietic precursors, as documented by the time-lapse video microscopy of the stepwise differentiation processes from single progenitors. Moreover, this defined milieu revealed the essential role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in determining the hematopoietic/endothelial fate and demonstrated that the hemogenic fate in mesoderm is determined as early as day 4 of our differentiation protocol. Our ability to directly convert ES cells to endothelial and hematopoietic precursors should have important utilities for studies of hematopoietic development and personalized medicine in the future.

In October 2010, researchers from diverse backgrounds collided at the historic Cumberland Lodge (Windsor, UK) to discuss the role of randomness in cell and developmental biology. Organized by James Briscoe and Alfonso Marinez-Arias, The Company of Biologists' workshop was the latest in a series of meetings aimed at encouraging interdisciplinary interactions between biologists. This aim was reflected in talks at this workshop that ranged from the tissue to the cellular scale, and that integrated experimental and theoretical approaches to examining stochastic behavior in diverse systems.

A Series of fluorescent pteridines may be revealed and separated by paper chromatography (Hadorn & Mitchell, 1951) from various organs of Drosophila in which they appear in high concentrations. Striking differences in the quantities and in the developmental patterns of these compounds are produced by a variety of gene mutations. While the chemical analysis of the fluorescent substances is rapidly progressing (cf. Forrest & Mitchell, 1955; Viscontini et al., 1955; Viscontini, 1958) the information on the mode and the sites of their biosynthesis is, as yet, extremely scanty. The only well-established reaction involving two of the more abundant pteridines is the enzymatic conversion of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-pteridine (HB1) to isoxanthopterin (IX) in the presence of the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (Forrest, Glassman, & Mitchell, 1956). The importance of this reaction in vivo could be demonstrated by experiments with the mutant rosy (ry) which is devoid of the enzyme (Hadorn & Schwinck, 1956; Hadorn & Graf, 1958; Hadorn, Graf, & Ursprung, 1958).