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Water is one of the most important components in the environment. This is essential for all forms of life and leisurely plays a vital role in the world economy. The discharge of large amount of dye wastewater from different industries such as textile, leather, pulp, rubber pharmaceuticals, food processing, electroplating cosmetics, plastic, paper industries, etc. to the aquatic system constitutes the major hazards to the living environment. Hence, the rapid removal of these dyes from wastewater before their discharge is an important necessity of day to day life as well as for environmental safety. Several traditional treatment methods were available for the removal of dyes from water/wastewater such as chemical coagulation, filtration, flocculation, ozonation, oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, ion exchange, biodegradation, electrolysis and adsorption. Among all these treatment methods, adsorption process using activated carbon is one of the most important, effective and reliable method for the removal of dyes from aquatic system. However, the widespread application of activated carbon is restricted because of its high cost. Therefore, the attention has moved to select the low-cost and efficient adsorbents which are alternative to the existing activated carbon. Some of the natural materials, agricultural wastes, industrial wastes and biosorbents have been reported as an effective low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aquatic system by many researchers. The current review paper explains the detailed survey on the dye removal methods, and scope for the improvement can be done on the removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy products are one of the richest sources of vital nutrients in the diet of human beings and it occupies an important place in satisfying their nutrient requirements. The dairy products possess a very short lifespan and during their decomposition create a huge nuisance to the environment. The dairy effluents discharged from the industries are mainly composed of complicated substances such as organic compounds, inorganic compounds, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorides, sulphides, fats, oils, grease, etc. These organic loading present in the dairy effluent have a negative impact on the environment during its discharge to nearby water sources. The physical and chemical treatment of the dairy effluents is not as effective as the biological treatment. The biological treatment method is found to be the superior method for treating the dairy effluent. The biological wastewater treatment can be performed in two various conditions such as aerobic and anaerobic. The treatment methods such as aerobic lagoons, activated sludge, sequential batch reactor, trickling filter, completely stirred tank reactors, fluidized bed reactors, and anaerobic filters are some of the biological methods used in dairy effluent treatment. This review article has investigated in detail regarding the environmental impact of dairy effluents and their effective treatment using biological treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]