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Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the role of women in leadership in Latin American Regionalism and, more specifically, the incorporation of gender commitments at the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (celac), focusing on the case of the overlapping mandates, during the period 2011-2014, of three women in the Presidencies of Chile, Argentina and Brazil: Michelle Bachelet, Cristina Kirchner, and Dilma Rousseff, respectively. The paper draws on feminist approaches and the literature of women and leadership, and incorporates peculiarities pointed out in the literature of Latin American regionalism, such as weak institutions, presidential diplomacy, and active transnational advocacy networks. The main argument advanced is that the effect of women in leadership cannot be taken for granted as gender was not a priority during the governments of these presidents. The more diffuse commitment to human rights, which they all shared, as well as their symbolic empowerment effect might have strengthened the gender cause advanced by civil society and transnational advocacy networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the war in Ukraine and its consequences, particularly the effects of the financial sanctions imposed by the United States, and its allies, on Russia. The conflict is examined in the context of a deeper structural change in the international order, with China and Russia as key players. We deploy a dialectical perspective, using Gramsci as a starting point to posit that simple quantitative changes can cause long-term qualitative differences in power relations. While the United States’ economic hegemony is unlikely to cease soon, the war in Ukraine and it’s economic repercussions could lead to unexpected results and transformations in the United States’ geopolitical position. We discuss how sanctions can be a double-edged sword, affecting all actors involved, and how actions that seek to restore order may accelerate processes of structural change in international power dynamics. The paper provides examples of how the responses to the conflict are affecting various other dynamics of world order by rearranging national interests, national security, and the political economies in Europe, China, and the Global South. We conclude that the “ruses of nature” manifest as contradictions in human actions and that the relationships between significant human actions and social forces can show how social impulses may accomplish the opposite of their original intent.

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fiscal multipliers are different across countries and according to economic circumstances. Investment multipliers have recently been subjects of analysis, especially for advanced economies. For small open economies, such as Colombia, there is not much research in this regard, and there are no descriptions of the transmission mechanisms. In this paper, we present empirical evidence of the investment and output fiscal multipliers. Afterward, we present a set of models with financial frictions that describe the transmission mechanisms that explain the investment multipliers under different characteristics of the economy. The main results show that balance sheet effects with nominal contracts replicate the empirical findings of increase investment. The degree of openness of the economy and the level of country risk premium are essential mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that people with higher cognitive skills (mental abilities) and socioemotional skills (behaviors and personality) get better labor market outcomes. It is unclear, however, if this conclusion applies to low- and middle-income countries, given that existing literature builds on studies that are dominantly about high-income countries. In this paper, we explore how cognitive and socioemotional skills of adults, ages 15-64, relate to their labor market outcomes in the context of Colombia. Controlling for a range of cofounding factors in a cross-sectional survey, we find that adults with higher skills also have better outcomes, while cognitive and socioemotional skills correlate with different ones, seemingly through different channels. Adults with higher cognitive skills have better jobs (with higher earnings, more formal, and high-skilled) and are more likely to complete tertiary education. Socioemotional skills correlate more modestly with having a better job but more strongly with labor market participation and tertiary-education completion. Results suggest that adults with both cognitive and socioemotional skills tend to do better in the labor market and that policies boosting the development of both types may be beneficial in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study argues that Canada’s foreign policy behavior has remained predictably unchanged in the face of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Historically, Canada’s foreign policy has been directed by external considerations, specifically a liberal international order, multilateralism, key allies, and the United States. These orientations have determined Canadian foreign policy for generations. They guide Canada’s foreign policy decision-making but are sometimes contradictory. In the case of Ukraine in 2022, however, these orientations aligned perfectly, allowing the Justin Trudeau government to participate in international efforts to support Ukraine without controversy. This paper surveys four major external orientations and one domestic orientation before describing the country’s contributions to international efforts to support Ukraine. It concludes with a discussion about the troubling implications of a foreign policy that is tightly linked to external consideration: the costs of exit and the fundamental purpose of Canada’s foreign policy in the first place.

This paper explores the role of women in leadership in Latin American Regionalism and, more specifically, the incorporation of gender commitments at the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (celac), focusing on the case of the overlapping mandates, during the period 2011-2014, of three women in the Presidencies of Chile, Argentina and Brazil: Michelle Bachelet, Cristina Kirchner, and Dilma Rousseff, respectively. The paper draws on feminist approaches and the literature of women and leadership, and incorporates peculiarities pointed out in the literature of Latin American regionalism, such as weak institutions, presidential diplomacy, and active transnational advocacy networks. The main argument advanced is that the effect of women in leadership cannot be taken for granted as gender was not a priority during the governments of these presidents. The more diffuse commitment to human rights, which they all shared, as well as their symbolic empowerment effect might have strengthened the gender cause advanced by civil society and transnational advocacy networks.

This paper aimed to study about bus driver’s occupational stress. This issue – stress - has been extensively studied, being a facilitator in the development of numerous diseases and impairing the quality of life and productivity of individuals. Aims: This work also investigated the factors that affect the relationship between man/work and aimed to identify the stage of stress and symptoms. The health problems related to work, which are more common among drivers, in semi-urban passengers transportation service, were studied as well, in a company called “Viação Javaé”, in Gurupi, state of Tocantins, Brazil. Methods: Lipp´s Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults – ISSL – and demographic questionnaire were applied. Eight drivers were targets of this research and their responses were transcribed into charts and graphs. Results: Several causative factors of drivers’ job stress were identified and grouped into three classifications: working conditions, vehicle conditions and interpersonal relations with passengers. The stress levels found were low, because the vast majority - 78% of the subjects - were not stressed at the time of application of the instrument. The presence of stress was found in only 22% of subjects, and these were in the resistance stage, with physical symptoms. Back problems were the most common among the drivers. Final Considerations: We conclude this paper by saying that it is almost impossible to avoid stress in our lives, but change the adverse conditions at work, as well as lifestyle, are ways to face it more appropriately and intelligently.

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present work proposes to explore the Program of Attention to the Family (PAIF), the profile of registered families and their vulnerability factors as requirements for enrollment in the Program, in the light of the intervention carried out during the internship period in Psychology emphasis. This paper aimed to verify the profile of registered families and vulnerability factors, based on the assumptions of the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS). It was also possible, through the above mentioned intervention, to create a work process management tool, proposing to help the service professionals in apprehending the aspects of vulnerability of the families, to give the necessary referrals and to propose the necessary strategies for the autonomy and protagonism of the Individuals. After analyzing the vulnerability factors, it can be seen that only half of the families enrolled at the time of the intervention presented a profile for follow-up by the Program, and yet, the follow-up was not being carried out.

The paper addresses the multiplatform app "WhatsApp Messenger" and their use of online instant messaging and voice calls to smartphones. In Distance Education, Federal University of Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), this application has been used as a communication mobility strategic mobile since the management of courses and programs offered in 16 classroom support poles are located Board headquarters of large distances DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n2p185Revista Desafios –v. 04,n. 02, 2017186Educational Technology (DTE) that manages the undergraduate courses in distance education through the System Open University of Brazil (UAB). The UFT through its Board of distance education has 5 undergraduate courses with an enrollment of 1,273 students divided into 52 classes. The implementation of online communication group of distance education managers in the App WhatsApp and its interface with teachers, poles coordinators, directors of the campuses has made communication and managers DL ubiquitous. A redefinition of communicating characterized by the multidimensionality of the indivisible space of your hypermobility, that is, their physical mobility expanded by mobile devices, as in the case of WhatsApp. Its theoretical approach results from studies and research in the Stricto SensuPostgraduate Program in Education PPGE/UFT.

Portuguese Language teaching has faced sustained challenges which address both theoretical and methodological issues towards its practice. Such issues refer to significant practices that provide pupils with a responsive language action. In this context, this paper aims to highlight misspellings which entail the interference of oral language into the writing of second year high school students. For this purpose, we seek to answer the following questions: what are the influences/marks of oral language in written texts of high school students? And how to handle these influences and reverse them according to the grammars of Standard Portuguese? Thus, in order to answer these questions, we support our discussion in light of the works of Marcuschi (2008; 2010); Fávero, et al. (2000); Kato (2002); Bortoni-Ricardo (2004; 2005). Through the analyses, we observed that although at the high school level, students still use oral language in their written texts, which implies either little knowledge of grammatical conventions or little mastery of the standard language. In addition, we believe that this influence may be a DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n2p167Revista Desafios –v. 04,n. 02, 2017168consequence of the lack of meaningful and oriented readings, which leads to a limited grammatical and enunciative repertoire.

The choice of a model to be adopted in the process of urban planning and transportationrequires extensive analyzes of model characteristics and suitability to the problem being treated. This paper presents a comparison of twenty-two integrated models of land use and transportationby using content analysis methods to simplify this process and assist the planner to define the model to be adopted. The results showed that the evaluated methods have the potential to list the key information and establish important connections, simplifying the analysis of large volumes of information. In addition, the comparison has identified classes of similarities between the models and diagnose limitations, seeing new research opportunities in the area, such as applications in regional studies.

Considering the role of the veterinarian in public health activities, and their inclusion in multidisciplinary teams from the Family Health Center, this research aimed to present the challenges of this health professional and his role and importance in this area. For preparation of this paper, we conducted a bibliographic study on the subject in question. The broad professional field comprises from management and health planning to the more traditionally known epidemiological surveillanceand environmental health. They act even in prevention, control and eradication of diseases transmitted by several factors, among which include: food-borne, parasitic, infectious, among others. Thus, the strategic role of the veterinarian in the prevention and control of diseases should be constant enough to allow the sharing of experiences among other health professionals in order to safeguard the lives of animals and especially of the human population.

This paper purpose is to peer if the toponymic tribute to Nina Rodrigues in the state of Maranhão advocates implicitly the myth sedimented by Phrenology that human interbreeding produces ethnic degeneration, as this Brazilian physician(1862-1906) used to postulate flying on the assumption of a superiority of the white ethnicity. (SKIDMORE, 1989). This is a bibliographic search and it is anchored on the studies of (CLOVAL, 2001), (NASH, 2013) e (DICK, 1987, 1990). In the beginning, it intends to show that the racist theses of Dr. Nina Rodrigues, clearly unveiled by means of the vocabulary he employs, are arising from a historic context carved out by the European Social Darwinism and the slaveholder ideology, maintained in Brazil, even after 1888, and, that such a paradigm should be rejected at the light of the highest spectrum anthropological discoveries existent today. So, starting from postulates about the negro ethnicity origin, their ethnonyms and acts in the old civilization, it touches the illation that miseducation, cruel treatment, and constant depreciation, coming from several makers of social opinion, build behaviors and the said hereditary degenerative defects, i/o it is not an immanently wild nature, but a product.

The paper presents an approach of Case Based Reasoning, where it was born from the problems of human memory solution model, thus inspiring the creation of programs to address current problems. It is a technique that aims to solve a problem from the knowledge of past problems, comparing them with the new problem, and adapting well to a new solution. This will cover, from its definition, the techniques used, the stages of its development, as well as its advantages and disadvantages.

This paper analyzes the structure of towns in the North Center of the Cerrado, a region characterized by agribusiness. It is intended to find out if such towns democratized collective essencial services important to wealth of local population and promoted urban production. The Demographic Census of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) and the Annual Social Information (RAIS) of the Labou rMinistery served as data base. As a result, it can be stated that the towns located in the North Center have been undertaking a restructuring process serving agribusiness and its production process. Nevertheless, the researched towns also present a shortage of collective serviced that should be offered to the population. This setting impedes the development of innovation important to agribusiness, compromising economic performance in the long run.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the importance of children's literature in the early grades of elementary school. Taking as the object of analysis our practices while fellows of the Initiation Teaching Program (PIBID), where we develop different activities different than children experience routinely at school, using as resource main the story telling, without taking the literature with didactic or pedagogical function, but valorizing the aesthetic and creative possibilities of that language. For the theoretical foundation, we support in Soares (1999), Bettelheim (1996), Lajolo and Zilberman (2004), Abromovich (1993) and Aguiar (2001), among other reference texts. The study is justified by the fact that the classes with differentiated methodologies hold the gaze of the student, and to work the literature with children, enhancing the taste and the pleasure of reading by encouraging their expressions, opinions, construction and reconstruction of ideas, become the classes more significants for the class.

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at doing a preliminary study of the recategorization in the process of referentation of the referent Cristo Redentor Statue, based on the analysis of three images taken from websites. We will use as theoretical framework the concepts postulated by Custódio Filho (2011), Bentes (2008), Cavalvante (2005), Dionísio (2011), Koch (2003, 2006), among others. In this study, we will follow what postulates Lima (2003, 2009, 2011), for whom the recategorization is a process understood in a cognitive and discourse dimension, so that allows its conception to be understood to the level of structures and cognitive functioning. We note that, due to be understanding of each materialized regarding the images, it is necessary to have, in advance, any knowledge concerning the situation in which it is inserted in order to recategorize the object of discourse in question.

This paper scientific discusses the theme solid waste of construction , with a focus at the public policies adopted by the municipality of Palmas-TO, for the attendance of law No. 12,305 of August 2, 2010, establishing the national solid waste policy. The deployment of the management solid waste plan can reduce problems since the generation of RCC – solid waste of construction civil, as well as carriage, treatments and end disposal. With the assessment of progress of the implementation of the national policy in the municipality of Palmas, it was noticed that the plan exists and is being placed into practice by following the recommendations of the sustainable development and respecting the existing policy. The methodology used is the exploratory descriptive, from bibliographical research and documentary.

This paper exposes the development of a written proposal in a 2nd year high school students in a rural school district Santa Terezinha in Itaporã-MS and a part of its results, to promote a reflection on new possibilities for work that contribute to close the gap between school written practices and extracurricular and their socio historical relations. We begin from the assumption that the writing is heterogeneously formed the linguistic facts do not separate the social practices (Corrêa, 2004). The proposal constituted the production of a Virtual Journal on Facebook, developed during the Portuguese classes. The analysis of news production and reporting, plus the comments made on the digital platform, enable linguistically show that there is no rigid boundary between writing practices of focused on writing culture and those of digital culture, as they suppose many educators. Furthermore, show that social networks in school can work as collaborators in a more efficient and meaningful writing instruction for all involved.

Territories are composed of the excluded, groups of people who have been marginalized by production process someway. To identify those groups and discover their location is important to comprehend territorial vitality. Therefore, this paper aims to detect the excluded groups within Tocantins state by using data of the demographic census determined by IBGE in 2010. It can be asserted that Afro-American and American-Indian, ethnic groups traditionally explored in Brazil, have settled remotely from the main federal road (BR-135), considered the most important develpment area of the state. Thus, the existing territorial structure in Tocantins can be seen as a result of clashes occured in the past, in which Afro-American, American-Indian and peasants have not achieved significant access to profits of the production process. As a consequence, those groups have been driven off from the main development center which connects Tocantins to the rest of the country.

This paper aims to show how standards of beauty have historically been produced and in what way are updated in culture in place. Through a panoramic beginning in the Platonic period to the present day. We will examine the place of the female body in the history, investigating the social dimension of it. Starting from the premise that the body is Capital and therefore primary locus of investment, we will analyze how the body habits sociallyconstructed are the reflection of a cultural transmission.

This paper presents a reflection on sound technological features such as accessibility to literary texts to people with visual disabilities. Address the importance of technology; discuss the possibilities of access to information and evidence the same learning situations for students with and without disabilities are goals of this proposal. Characterized bibliographicreflective nature, this production sees Dosvox Operating System and Program MecDaisy as educational assistive technology resources as well as the Braille system. The theoretical and reflective reasoning is based on contributions from authors such as, Lira (2004), Sonza (2004), Delpizzo (2005), Barbosa (2010) and others who argue and discuss about the accessibility of literary knowledge. Thus, it is expected that the subject contributes reflective process in supply and familiarity with the literature for visually impaired students in learning situations mediated by sound and technological resources available in the regular school.

This paper aims to present the importance of movies in behavioral clinic, Inducing professionals, parents / guardians to use the insertion of films that frequently are shown manner fictitiously instigating the dynamic of interpersonal relationship as well as conducive ways of experiencing in society. The subject since work theorizes the use of films in behavioral clinical, as it behaviorism believes the behavior as action and reaction, by building specific stimuli which are in your space condicente reality. The stimuli brought about through the middle affect the conduct of the subject, so it is possible to interfere this behavior, through harmonic stimuli, In accordance with the individual behavior deficiency, therefore can create, reinforce or inhibit or not desirable behaviors. The work is based on theoretical research, literature review and analysis of cinematographic art. Where we work in tease out of the situational variables: stimulus, behavior and consequent stimulus. In the results achieved observes the positive utility of films as resources for work in clinical behavioral focused the learning of societal behaviors, argumentation, perception of reality, humor among others. Inspiring, personal development through of cinematographic art.

This paper makes a theoretical reflection of exploratory character, about obesity nowadays. It outlines the main control policies on body modeling in our times, emphasizing the relevance of the moralization of beauty. It also analyzes the new social dictates, led by media coverage of the image through the digital spaces, leading to the overexposure of bodies and forms. It finally seeks to understand how our culture contributes to the increasing number of people seeking bariatric surgery, as a way out of obesity. The authors point out the possible psychological damages as well as its impacts on the subjectivity.

With the theme arrangements for Brazilian municipalities in the field of public policy and education management from the late 1980s, this article is the result of bibliographic and documental study, seeks to map/describe the changes regarding the role of municipalities in the definition of public policies and management education in their territories, forged from the late 1980s to the early twenty-first century, particularly by the context of political liberalization; by the rules; by acts of the National Council of Education; for programs, projects and activities of federal governments; and actions of entities linked by the municipal education. The literature, the paper reports that in the history of Brazilian education, content of municipal autonomy does not remain uniform. In the late 1980s, education, municipalities experience assignments education system. In the 1990s, at least formally, the emphasis and technical guidance turn to the actual process of institutionalization of municipal systems of education / teaching and the need to address the efficiency of municipal systems. In the 2000s, continuing educational programs to support municipalities and is strengthened defense Contribution System, for the establishment of municipal systems of education/teaching. However, problems persist and historical weaknesses with the performance of these federal spheres institutionalization of municipal education and, therefore, to guarantee the right to education.

Biofuel production has been widely debated in Brazil and in 2014 was created the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (NPPB). This program encouraging a greater share of renewable energies in the Brazilian energy matrix, aiming to implement sustainably , technical , and economic , production and use of biodiesel, with a focus on social inclusion and regional development by generating employment and income . On the national scene, the State of Tocantins is distinguished by having a wide availability of land and has good prospects because of logistical deployment of new modes of transportation. Family farming is considered the major driver of agribusiness with approximately 45000 farms. In this context, this paper aims to demonstrate the factors that contribute to the scenario of biodiesel production in the state of Tocantins.

The main objective of this paper is to characterize poverty and indicators of socioeconomic development of the micro region of the Bico do Papagaio in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, as theoretical referential Capability Approach (CA), from Amartya Sen. The main indicators used were: the birth rate, crude rate infant mortality, the human development index, literacy rate, fertility rate, the Gross Domestic Product - (GDP) per capita. The data were collected in the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the State of Tocantins and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The results suggest that the micro region of the Parrot's Beak have evidence of decline in extreme poverty and with a tendency to reduce income inequality. Despite the micro region indicators progress, it has a long way to go to achieve a satisfactory level of human, social and economic development.

Truth commissions are widely considered to be a key tool of transitional justice mechanisms (TJMs), whose goal is to achieve truth, justice, and reconciliation after violent conflict or dictatorship. However, policy actors promoting these mechanisms have often not adequately engaged in a critical reflection of the policy measures they are suggesting. Instead, they usually argue from normative points of view rather than relying on empirical evidence. During the last decade, there has been a continued debate as to whether or not TJMs actually work and what impact they have. Drawing on research from three case studies (Kenya, Sierra Leone, and Timor-Leste), this paper analyzes the (non)implementation of recommendations produced in the final reports of truth commissions created after armed conflict. The work focuses on the impact of truth commissions on democracy, peace, and institutional reform. The analysis roughly follows the four-step approach set out by Skaar, Maica, and Eide (2015) to measure the impact of truth commissions and illustrates both the opportunities they provide and their limitations.

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)