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The Authors consider the problems involved in dental treatment of the handicapped patients. Accuracy in diagnosis of the handicap factor, knowledge about its consequences on pathophysiological status and about chronically assumed drugs are the first step: in fact these patients may be affected by a wide variety of physiopathologic and mental diseases. Failure of cooperation requires general anesthesia or sedation techniques. General anesthesia can be dangerous (malignant hyperthermia in myopathies, difficult intubation in facial anomalies, pharmacological interactions); furthermore, its frequent application even in order to perform minimal treatment is often unsuitable. Sedation techniques offer a more convenient possibility, but must be practised by trained operators. Nitrous oxide alone rarely produces in fact a sufficient degree of sedation and is suitable only in patients affected by very slight mental insufficiency. In the other cases, association with various drugs (as benzodiazepines, barbiturates etc) is needed. In such a situation, the active and continuous presence of the anesthesiologist becomes mandatory.