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Abstract Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided coil deployment (EUS‐coiling) has been newly developed for treating isolated gastric varices (iGV). This report describes three cases of EUS‐coiling for iGV using a 0.035‐inch hydrocoil (Azur; Terumo Corp., Tokyo, Japan). When used for EUS‐coiling, this hydrocoil provides the following benefits: Its electrically detachable system allows pull back. It has smooth and dense deployment. Moreover, it has a strong blood‐flow blocking effect because of its long length and large diameter with internal swelling functions of the hydrogel. Technical success of coiling was achieved in all cases. After coiling, additional treatments such as cyanoacrylate and sclerosant injection were performed as deemed appropriate. All iGVs were obliterated successfully. No adverse event occurred during the procedure or during the mean follow‐up of six months. Our findings indicate that this 0.035‐inch hydrocoil can be used to treat iGV safely and effectively.

Abstract A woman in her 60s underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis. Unfortunately, post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis occurred. In addition, huge walled‐off necrosis (WON) appeared as a late complication. For the infected WON, endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fistuloplasty and endoscopic necrosectomy were performed, and a double pigtail plastic stent (PS) (7Fr, 7 cm) was placed to prevent a recurrence. Plain computed tomography conducted two years later showed that the stent implanted for WON had deviated. The distal end of the stent was found to have migrated into the bile duct. In addition, common bile duct stones with stents as nuclei were observed. Upon performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, it was revealed that the stent tip perforated the distal bile duct just above the papilla. After removal of the stent using grasping forceps, we made an incision between the duodenal – bile duct fistula and bile duct orifice using a sphincterotome. Then, the stone was removed by a balloon catheter. Although such late adverse events are rare occurrences, placement of long‐term PS after treatment of WON should be followed up regularly with imaging examination, and if there is no recurrence for several months, removal of the PS at that point may be considered.

Abstract Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is widely recognized for its non‐invasiveness and for its usefulness in chronic pancreatitis (CP) diagnosis, including early CP. Although it is desirable to obtain a definitive diagnosis of CP by tissue sampling with EUS‐guided fine needle aspiration, histopathological changes in CP are heterogeneous in terms of the extent and the distribution of lesions. Therefore, histopathological diagnosis of appropriate tissue sampling by EUS‐fine needle aspiration is expected to be difficult. Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to match EUS images with pathological sections, making direct contrast between EUS findings and pathology difficult. This narrative review presents a discussion of the diagnosis of CP/early CP by EUS, particularly assessing the association between ultrasound and pathological findings. Recently, the histological corroboration and correlation of EUS findings related to CP have been clarified by surgical specimens, including those obtained from animal studies. Furthermore, remarkable advances have occurred in the objective and quantitative diagnosis of pancreatic fibrosis by EUS‐elastography. Future technological advances in EUS are expected to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of pancreatic fibrosis at earlier stages.

Abstract The patient, a 73‐year‐old woman, had been taking acid‐suppressive therapy for refractory reflux esophagitis for 10 years. A potassium‐competitive acid blocker was administered to strengthen acid‐suppressive therapy for worsening symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed an increase in the number and size of fundic gland polyposis (FGPs). When acid‐suppressive therapy was changed from potassium‐competitive acid blocker to proton pump inhibitor, the FGPs showed reduced size 1 year later. Furthermore, when acid‐suppressive therapy was changed from proton pump inhibitor to histamine‐2 receptor antagonist, FGPs were even smaller after 1 and 2 years. The patient, who had no flare‐up of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, continues to be treated medically with histamine‐2 receptor antagonist. This case report describes changes in endoscopic findings of a patient with FGPs caused by acid‐suppressive therapy for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Abstract A 38‐year‐old woman was admitted to our hospital for a detailed examination of jaundice. Three years before, she had undergone a right total mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection of her right breast because of cancer. Histopathological evaluation revealed invasive ductal carcinoma. Postoperatively, because multiple bone metastases were found, she underwent chemoradiotherapy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed, which revealed widespread multiple stenoses with a smooth surface from the intrahepatic to the extrahepatic bile duct. A transpapillary biliary biopsy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed adenocarcinoma extending into the subepithelium of the bile duct. The obtained cancer cells were similar to those of the earlier invasive breast cancer. This rare case demonstrates bile duct metastasis of breast cancer with specific endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography findings.