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The economic growth effects of military expenditure have been the subject of a large literature in defence economics. Theories on the economic impacts of military expenditure greatly differ and include arguments that they either enhance economic growth or crowd out productive investments. Empirical literature on defence expenditure and economic growth nexus generally employs linear specifications to investigate the impact of defence expenditures on economic growth. Although it is now well established that many economic variables may have a non-linear data-generating mechanism, it seems that this reality has long been neglected in empirical work on defence–growth nexus. This paper attempts to fill this gap by employing non-linear panel data models to examine the effects of military expenditures on economic growth for Middle Eastern countries and Turkey, for the time period 1988–2012. Results show that the effect of military expenditure on economic growth is nonlinear such that the state of the economy actually determines the effect of the former on the latter. This is important not only in showing asymmetric relationship between these variables but also in revealing the reasons of mixed results of earlier literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses linear and non-linear Granger causality methods to determine the causal relationship between defense spending and economic growth in Turkey for the period 1949-2004. The innovative feature of this paper is that it provides evidence regarding the nonlinear causal dependence between military spending and economic growth in Turkey. The empirical results contribute to the empirical literature by indicating support for both linear and non-linear causality between military expenditures and economic development and they may prove useful in theoretical and empirical research by regulators and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defence expenditures have both costs and benefits to the economy. The costs of defence expenditures are mainly emphasized as opportunity costs. On the other hand, defence spending may have growth‐promoting potential benefits: a rise in defence spending may result in a higher aggregate demand, production and employment. This paper examines empirically the effects of military expenditures on economic growth for Middle Eastern countries and Turkey, for the time‐period 1989–1999. The relationship between military expenditure and economic growth is investigated by using cross‐section and dynamic panel estimation techniques. Empirical analysis indicates that military expenditure enhances economic growth in the Middle Eastern countries and Turkey as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we empirically investigate the long-run relationships between education–health expenditures, defence expenditures and economic growth in Turkey by using annual time-series data for the time period 1950–2005. To estimate these relationships, we use the cointegration method, which allows for the existence of structural breaks. The results show that there are two cointegrating vectors in the system with statistically significant structural breaks. According to the identified long-run equations, education and health expenditures affect economic growth positively, while defence expenditures have negative effects. In addition, the results show that there is a budgetary trade-off between education–health and defence expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]