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Abstract: Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent angiogenic mitogens specific for vascular endothelial cells. It also induces vascular hyperpermeability and protein leakage into the extracellular space. Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), one of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), is known to be one of the key molecules of allergic inflammation. The interaction between LTD4 and VEGF production in human monocytes/macrophages is not well characterized. Methods: We examined VEGF production by THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukemia cell line, and human peripheral blood CD14+monocytes/macrophages stimulated with LTD4 and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We also determined the inhibitory effects of pranlukast, a CysLT1 receptor antagonist, on VEGF production by LTD4 stimulation. Results: LTD4 significantly induced VEGF production and enhanced TNF-α-induced VEGF release in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood CD14+monocytes/macrophages. VEGF mRNA expression was also induced by stimulation of THP-1 cells with LTD4 and TNF-α. In addition, 10−7–10−10 M pranlukast completely inhibited VEGF production enhanced by LTD4. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for VEGF production in THP-1 cells was 10−10–10−11 M. Conclusions: LTD4 induced VEGF production and enhanced VEGF release induced by TNF-α via CysLT1 receptors in human monocytes/macrophages. These effects were completely inhibited by pranlukast. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]