1. Fluoroless Endourological Surgery for Stone Disease: a Review of the Literature-Tips and Tricks.
- Author
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Emiliani E, Kanashiro A, Chi T, Pérez-Fentes DA, Manzo BO, Angerri O, and Somani BK
- Subjects
- Checklist, Fluoroscopy, Humans, Ultrasonography, Urinary Calculi surgery, Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous methods, Occupational Exposure prevention & control, Radiation Exposure prevention & control, Ureteroscopy methods, Urinary Calculi diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: Urologists are at significant risk due to radiation exposure (RE) from endourological procedures for stone disease. Many techniques described have shown a reduction of RE. The purpose of this article is to review available protocols to decrease RE during such procedures and provide tips and tricks for their implementation., Recent Findings: Several low-radiation and radiation-free protocols for percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscopy have been described as an attempt to reduce RE during surgery. Beginning with specific checklists to ensure adequate C-arm usage, fluoroless procedures are based on endoscopic assessment, tactile guidance, and use of ultrasound to avoid fluoroscopy. A specific preoperative checklist and low radiation or complete fluoroless radiation endourological procedures have shown to be effective, feasible, and safe. It is recommended for urologists to be aware of the risks of RE and apply the "ALARA" (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) protocols.
- Published
- 2020
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