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Initiating anti-apoptotic signaling or triggering cell death depends to a great extent on the nature or source of cellular stress and cell type. Interplay between each stress response eventually determines the fate of stressed cell. Numerous factors induce cell death by a number of pathways including apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Not surprisingly, some of the pathways are interrelated to each other through a mediator that could articulate the entire mechanism. The present review attempts to consolidate all the pathways included in intrinsic cellular stress such as oxidative stress and autophagy, endoplasmic reticular stress (ERS) and mitophagy and apoptosis as fate in cell stress. These stress responses are a hallmark of numerous diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. Understanding the cross-talk between different intrinsic cell stress responses will help to develop new therapeutic targets and hence lead to the development of new therapeutics., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Background: Type-2 Diabetes is a long lasting disease characterized by high glucose concentration in the blood due to insulin resistance. One of the recent treatment strategies is using activators against SIRT-1, which has been in clinical trials. Hence, it is necessary to know the effects of the SIRT-1 modulators against various metabolic pathways., Methods: Many cellular processes, including insulin secretion, cell cycle, and apoptosis are imperatively regulated by a family of mediators called SIRTuins. First known mammalian sirtuin, SIRT1 is a positive regulator of insulin secretion, which triggers glucose uptake and utilization. For the past decade, a major outstanding question is whether SIRT1 activation is a safe therapy for human diseases such as diabetes?, Results: This review summarizes and discusses the advances of the past decade and the challenges that will brazen out perplexity of this field. We also cover the physiological regulation of sirtuin (SIRT1) activity and how these modes of regulation may be exploited to manipulate SIRT1 activity in cells. Designing of drugs using advanced computational methods that specifically target SIRT1, and also, involvement of advanced biological methods for further understanding of sirtuin1 biology to afford new optimized treatments for diabetes and several age related human diseases., Conclusion: Hence, this review is a serial perspective of all the above topics., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Background: IBD is considered as one of the major public health concerns worldwide. The pathophysiology and gut microbial alteration during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are still not completely understood. Gut microbiota is implicated in most of the gastro-intestinal (GI) diseases including IBD. From the time of gut microbiota establishment and through aging, it undergoes a lot of changes in the composition., Methods: In a healthy state, the composition of beneficial microbes in the gut is comparatively higher and due to factors such as malnutrition, use of antibiotics and any underlying diseases allow the colonization and invasion of pathogens., Results: A careful manipulation of gut microbiota during disease conditions such as IBD is required. Probiotics are natural, safe and useful interventions for GI diseases., Conclusion: Lactic acid probiotic bacteria have shown many beneficial effects in various gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the use of probiotics in IBD and possible mechanism of probiotics in inflammation conditions., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Background: Endoplasmic reticulum is the major site for protein biosynthesis. Any perturbation in the endoplasmic reticulum will compromise its functions and reduce its efficiency in protein biosynthesis. As a result, misfolded proteins are produced and accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. This will result in endoplasmic reticulum stress, which reduces the quantity and quality of the functional protein synthesized from the cell. Besides that, the protein biosynthesis is also highly affected by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a condition where the cell has excessive exogenous and endogenous radical oxygen species overwhelming the human body's antioxidant mechanisms. Recent researches have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress has a strong relationship with oxidative stress and both of them can form a vicious cycle that exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress are harmful to human health since they can disrupt cellular homoeostasis and damage cells., Method: This work reported several studies that demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress have a vital role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as diabetes and colitis., Results: Further research is needed to develop the therapeutic strategies that resolve endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in order to treat these diseases., Conclusion: Currently, Momordicacharantia attracts worldwide attentions due to its various beneficial effects as the functional foods and can possibly help in treating endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)