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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by neurodegeneration and a progressive functional impairment of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons. The cause remains unknown; however, several pathological processes and central factors, such as protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, have been reported. The current treatment method primarily targets symptoms by using anti-Parkinson drugs such as levodopa, carbidopa, dopamine (DA) agonists, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and anticholinergics to replace DA. When drug therapy is not satisfactory, surgical treatments are recommended. Unfortunately, the existing conventional strategies that target PD are associated with numerous side effects and possess an economic burden. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches that regulate the pathways leading to neuronal death and dysfunction are necessary. For many years, nature has provided the primary resource for the discovery of potential therapeutic agents. Remarkably, many natural products from medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables have been demonstrated to be efficacious anti-Parkinson agents. These products possess neuroprotective properties as a result of not only their wellrecognized anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities but also their inhibitory roles regarding iron accumulation, protein misfolding and the maintenance of proteasomal degradation, as well as mitochondrial homeostasis. The aim of this review is to report the available anti-Parkinson agents based on natural products and delineate their therapeutic actions, which act on various pathways. Overall, this review emphasizes the types of natural products that are potential future resources in the treatment of PD as novel regimens or supplementary agents.

Protein aggregation is facilitated by the generation of partially folded intermediates that lack most of the tertiary interactions, but retain the complete secondary structure. These partially folded states cross-link each other to form protein aggregates. Protein aggregates in an advanced stage result in the formation of amyloid fibrils, which have high tensile strength. These amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of pathologies, especially Alzheimer’s disease, which involves the aggregation of the A peptide. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the generation of potent therapeutics to reduce A peptide fibrillation. This review summarizes the range of molecules used for this therapy, showing their potency against A amyloids, and suggests a positive future for the eradication of this dreaded disease.

Nanotechnology is a field encompassing nanostructures, nanomaterials and nanoparticles, which are of increasing importance to researchers and industrial players alike. Nanotechnology addresses the construction and consumption of substances and devices on the nanometer scale. Nanomedicine is a new field that combines nanotechnology with medicine to boost human health care. Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field that includes various areas of biology, chemistry, physics and engineering. The most important problems related to diabetes management, such as self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and insulin injections, can now be conquered due to progress in nanomedicine, which offers glucose nanosensors, the layer-by-layer technique, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, oral insulins, microspheres, artificial pancreases and nanopumps. In this review, the key methodological and scientific characteristics of nanomedicine related to diabetes treatment, glucose monitoring and insulin administration are discussed.

In the modern era, humankind is making daily progress through industrialization. As various types of diseases are prevailing worldwide, scientists are using many approaches to manage these diseases, such as gene therapy. A nanoparticle (NP)-based approach is an example of a modern method used to address several pathologies. This modern therapeutic approach aims not only at safely transferring the drug of choice to the site of interest in a biological system but also at ensuring the biocompatibility of these NPs. Hence, various coating methodologies are being employed to avoid NP toxicity as well as immunoreactivity. This short review covers the latest approaches and advances in this biomedical field. Among nanomaterials, gold NPs (GNPs) are comprehensively employed as a diagnostic tool for the treatment and management of diseases such as cancer.

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons leading to neuronal death, usually associated with ageing. Some of the common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Huntington’s disease. Due to recent advancements in highthroughput technologies in various disciplines such as genomics, epigenomics, metabolomics and proteomics, there has been a great demand for detection of specific macromolecules such as hormones, drug residues, miRNA, DNA, antibodies, peptides, proteins, pathogens and xenobiotics at nano-level concentrations for in-depth understanding of disease mechanisms as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies. The present review focuses on the management of agerelated neurodegenerative disorders using proteomics and nanotechnological approaches. In addition, this review also highlights the metabolism and disposition of nano-drugs and nano-enabled drug delivery in neurodegenerative disorders.

Epilepsy is a non-communicable central nervous system disorder that affects over 60 million people worldwide. The developments in epilepsy treatment face major hurdles due to drug resistance and disease recurrence after reduction in medication. Nano-technological anti-epileptic drug (AED) delivery systems have recently garnered attention due to their ability to cross the blood brain barrier, improved selectivity and potential for sustained drug delivery to the brain. This review focuses on several nano-based AED delivery systems, including liposomes, nano-emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, solid-lipid nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles. Their limitations and future prospects in terms of AED delivery to the brain are also highlighted. It is hoped that the present communication will be helpful in the identification of potential AED delivery systems based on their advantages and disadvantages.