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[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4671.]., Competing Interests: No competing interests declared.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4639.]., Competing Interests: No competing interests declared.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a rapidly growing challenge worldwide and is characterized by an increase in dependence on opioids up to a point that a person loses control over the drug use. Multiple drugs are approved for its treatment, including methadone, buprenorphine, and diazepam. Although not approved, clonidine is also used for the treatment of OUD. On May 16, 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new drug lofexidine hydrochloride for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Lofexidine is a centrally acting alpha two receptor agonist. It reduces the neurochemical surge by inhibiting the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which in turn decrease the sympathetic outflow. This results in the improvement of withdrawal symptoms. When compared with methadone and buprenorphine, it is equally effective in controlling withdrawal symptoms. Its efficacy is also similar to clonidine with a better side effects profile. The adverse effects of lofexidine include bradycardia, hypotension, orthostasis, somnolence, sedation, dry mouth, and rebound elevations in blood pressure and prolongation of QT interval. Lofexidine is contraindicated in patients who are on beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors). In our review, we have discussed the clinical efficacy and safety profile of lofexidine in treating opioid withdrawal symptoms and its comparison to other available treatment options., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction Post-operative nausea, vomiting (PONV) and pain are the most frequently encountered complains after thyroid surgery. Steroids effectively reduce pain, nausea, and inflammation, therefore prophylactic administration of steroids improve these outcomes. The aim of our study was to compare the prophylactic administration of dexamethasone with placebo in terms of PONV and pain. Patients and methods We conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled trial including 100 patients who underwent thyroid surgery from January 2017 to December 2017 in Surgical Unit-I of the Holy Family hospital, Pakistan. The outcome in terms of post-operative pain, nausea and vomiting were measured. Results The mean age of the patients was 39.62 ± 12.73 years in group A, while in group B it was 39.06 ± 13.25 years. Out of the 100 patients included in our trial, 52 (52%) patients were males and 48 (48%) patients were females. The mean value of pain in group A patients was 1.60 ± 1.26, while in group B it was 3.60 ± 1.94. A statistically significant difference was found between the study groups with regard to the pain score of the patients i.e. p -value = 0.001. The PONV was found in 28 patients from group A and 19 patients from group B and no significant improvement was seen ( p -value = 0.071). Conclusion A single dose of prophylactic dexamethasone significantly reduces the mean pain score in patients undergoing thyroidectomy; however, insignificant relation was noted in terms of PONV condition., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare conditions triggered due to a medication that involves the necrosis and desquamation of the skin and mucous membranes. Only one out of 1,000,000 people are affected by the condition. The exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown. However, many complications of the disease can occur; pancytopenia and pleural effusion are an even rarer find. Here we present a case of a 17-year-old male who presented with fever and rash for 15 days associated with bleeding per rectum, hemoptysis, and conjunctival hemorrhages. Laboratory investigations showed severe pancytopenia, deranged liver function tests (LFTs), and hypocellular bone marrow. The patient started showing improvement after 10 days post-admission with supportive care and multiple transfusions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The small intestine is a relatively privileged organ; primary tumors are uncommon among malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, with an average annual incidence rate of 9.9 per million people. Among these uncommon tumors, duodenal tumors are even rarer with an average incidence rate of 0.4% only. Histopathological examination mostly shows villous type. Tubulovillous histology is extremely rare with an incidence of less than 1% of all duodenal tumors. These tumors are either found incidentally or during screening for familial disorders such as familial adenomatous polyposis or Gardner's syndrome. Patients usually have symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain along with weight loss over a period of months. Itching over the whole body and progressive yellow discoloration of sclera and skin (jaundice) can also be present when tumor compresses the common bile duct (CBD) and causes obstruction, especially in the region of ampulla of Vater. Examination of the abdomen may or may not reveal a mass lesion. Abdominal radiography and ultrasound show intra- and extra-hepatic biliary dilatation along with distention of CBD and growth at the lower end of CBD. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is, however, the investigation of choice as it not only allows direct visualization of a biliary tree but biopsy specimens can also be taken. Palliative procedures like placing a stent in the common bile duct to relieve obstruction can be done or a drain can be placed to drain bile. The definitive treatment is the Whipple procedure involving gastrojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy, and cholecystectomy. Our case is unique as the patient had duodenal tubulovillous adenoma, a very rare tumor among the already uncommon duodenal tumors. The patient underwent Whipple procedure, T tube was placed, and feeding jejunostomy was done. An uneventful recovery occurred., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Problem-based learning is a learner-centered teaching method, which uses real-world scenarios to promote student learning of concepts and principles. The aim of our study is to analyze the consequence of increased problem difficulty on team-based learning and the analytical skills of medical students. In our prospective descriptive study, two problem-based learning scenarios prepared on the topic of hypercortisolism were given to 197 students in two successive sessions. At the end of two sessions, the perceptions of students about team-based learning were documented using a five-point Likert scale on a standardized questionnaire for both scenarios (simple and complex) simultaneously. A written test consisting of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and short essay questions (SEQs) was given at the end of a complex scenario to test the problem-solving skills and retention of knowledge. No statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) was noted in team-based learning between the simple and complex problem-based learning scenario. MCQs and SEQs of C-2 (interpretation) level were attempted well than C-1 (recall) level and C3 (problem-solving) level. In conclusion, the understanding of the problem by the medical students was improved; however, there was no significant improvement in the problem-solving skills and knowledge retention of the students., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Biliary cysts are rare cystic dilatations of the biliary tree. Biliary cysts are positively associated with several significant complications, amongst them, cholangiocarcinoma befalls the most dreadful one. The elevated incidence is 20-30% in the unresected cyst and 0.7% in resected cysts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is applied for the initial diagnostic study but the ultimate diagnosis ordinarily requires the tissue biopsy. Currently, the sole curative option involves the complete surgical resection of the lesion, with standard chemotherapy and active radiation applied as an alternative for the unresectable tumors. Despite the curative surgery the percentage of eternal recurrence of the tumor indefinitely persists, and effective post-surgical surveillance is reasonably demanded. We report a case of 29-year-old female with local recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma in a previously resected biliary cyst type I. The curative resection of the choledochal cyst only minimizes the considerable risk of the possible development of future cholangiocarcinoma but it does not completely prevent it. The appropriate follow-up for potential patients who have been typically treated for a biliary cyst is unclear. The lethal course of cholangiocarcinoma is believed due to its slow asymptomatic growing phase. Therefore, to adequately screen for malignancy, periodic imaging along with annual liver tests represents a reasonable approach to prevent the possible development of this appalling complication., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Enteric fever is a common infectious disease, especially in countries with poor sanitation and in the tropics. It is caused mainly by Salmonella typhi and accounts for nearly 27 million cases worldwide and 200,000 deaths annually. Enteric fever involves the reticuloendothelial system such as bone marrow, spleen, and liver. As it mostly involves the Peyer's patches of the terminal ileum, enteric perforation occurs commonly. However, gallbladder perforation can also occur, though not very often. Ultrasound as well as computerized tomography (CT) abdomen and pelvis lack specificity for detecting gallbladder perforations in enteric fever. Diagnosis is usually confirmed intraoperatively when the gallbladder is visualized and perforation is seen. Gallbladder perforation is usually seen in acute cholecystitis when the gallbladder becomes necrotic and gangrenous. In acalculous cholecystitis, perforation is rare. Enteric fever is one of the rarest causes of acalculous cholecystitis, leading to perforation. Here, we present the case of a 20-year-old man who presented with fever for 10 days along with loose stools, vomiting, and acute abdomen. Labs showed leukopenia, positive Typhidot test but X-ray erect abdomen and ultrasound abdomen and pelvis were nonspecific. Only after resuscitation and exploration of the abdomen was it found that the gallbladder had multiple perforations. The patient was improved after eight days of postoperative intravenous antibiotics. This is a unique and rare presentation of such a common infectious disease., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) can be defined as bowel movements that are difficult to pass, are not occurring frequently, or have incomplete evacuation during defecation. A high-fiber diet and laxatives are the commonly used treatments, but in many cases, they do not produce satisfactory results. The first line of treatment is osmotic laxatives. If there is no improvement, the second line is guanylate cyclase-C (GCC) agonists like linaclotide or prokinetic agents such as prucalopride. On December 14, 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved prucalopride for treating chronic idiopathic constipation. Prucalopride is a prokinetic agent which works at the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) as an agonist with greater receptor selectivity. Patients on prucalopride reported improved symptoms, quality of life and satisfaction. The most frequent adverse events were headaches and problems related to the gastrointestinal tract. Caution should be taken when using prucalopride in patients with impaired liver and renal function. In Canada, prucalopride has been approved for treatment of female patients with chronic idiopathic constipation who have failed therapy with at least two laxatives from different classes over a six-month period., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Plasma cell neoplasms are usually associated with normal or decreased platelet count. The association of thrombocytosis and multiple myeloma is exceedingly rare, with only six such cases reported in the literature until now. Differentiating clonal from secondary causes of thrombocytosis can be extremely difficult, yet the distinction has important therapeutic implications. We report the case of a woman presenting with thrombocytosis that led to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. The possible etiological link between both these entities is also discussed., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The current practice for diagnosing graft versus host disease (GVHD) includes clinical or endoscopic evaluation of the patient. Clinical diagnosis is limited by an overlapping symptomatic spectrum with infectious causes, a common scenario in the post-transplant setting where an invasive procedure, such as endoscopy, is often impractical. We, therefore, evaluated the role of fecal calprotectin as a diagnostic as well as a prognostic biomarker for gastrointestinal GVHD (GI-GVHD) occurrence and severity in the post-hematopoietic transplant population. Following Prisma guidelines, we performed a systematic search of articles published after 2004 using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. After a detailed screening, 10 studies involving a total of 494 patients were included. In the cohorts comparing median fecal calprotectin (mFC) level in GI-GVHD vs. non-GI-GVHD patients, the results indicated an increase in the mFC level in patients with GI-GVHD when compared to non-GI-GVHD patients. Similarly, an increase in the mFC level was seen in accordance with the severity of the disease. Moreover, corticosteroid-resistant patients had a higher mFC level as compared to corticosteroid-sensitive patients. Our study indicates that the mFC level can be used for diagnosing as well as predicting the treatment response to GI-GVHD. However, future randomized prospective trials involving larger populations are needed to further explore its significance., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) D multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare subtype of MM comprising 2% of all the cases. Malignant plasma cell invasion leads to signs and symptoms similar to other subtypes of MM. The synthesis rate of IgD is lower in IgD MM patients, making it very difficult to diagnose compared to other subtypes. As there is no available diagnostic test with 100% accuracy, the diagnosis of IgD MM is based on multiple factors. Recent advances in the treatment have resulted in a better overall survival for IgD MM patients. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the data on presentation patterns, diagnosis modalities, management strategies, and outcomes in patients with IgD MM., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Marginal zone B cell lymphomas are divided into nodal, extranodal and splenic types. Renal involvement by extranodal B cell lymphoma is extremely rare with an incidence of about 0.1%. We present a case of a 79-year-old Caucasian male with progressive renal failure and isolated left renal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. Asymptomatic immunoglobulin (Ig) M monoclonal gammopathy along with bone marrow involvement by lymphoma was observed. Contemporary management options including radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, immune-modulating agents and novel chemotherapy-free regimens., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Light chain multiple myeloma (LCMM) constitutes approximately 15% of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). It has a poorer prognosis when compared to immunoglobulin (Ig) G or IgA variant. We performed a comprehensive literature search on LCMM and identified a total of 390 articles. After a detailed screening, six studies involving a total of 1054 LCMM patients were included. A literature review revealed bone pain and renal failure as the most common initial sign and symptoms while extramedullary disease (EMD) was acquired later during the progression of the disease. Bortezomib has shown superior efficacy in LCMM patients over nonbortezomib regimens as demonstrated by better overall response rate (95.5% vs. 60%), progression-free survival (PFS) (25% vs. 9% at two years), and overall survival (OS) (24% vs. 9% at five years). Moreover, better PFS was seen, when bortezomib was used in combination with bendamustine compared to dexamethasone (95% vs. 25% at two years). Similarly, better OS (90% at two years) was observed with bortezomib in combination with bendamustine. Monitoring of disease should include serum free light chain levels, as literature review revealed that serum assays were more sensitive in indicating the disease and predicting PFS and OS as compared to urine assays. We provide presentation patterns, clinical rarities, management strategies including their efficacy, and disease monitoring in patients with LCMM in our review paper., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.