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Edward Jenner who discovered immunology and the smallpox vaccine conducted a smallpox vaccination test in 1796, which is considered a landmark in the history of modern immunization. This review focuses on describing Jenner and his accomplishments highlighting his discovery as a shift in the approaches toward disease control and prevention as well as the basis for further eradicating smallpox globally. Jenner's use of cowpox to protect people from smallpox was a revolution from other essential procedures such as variolation. His vaccine demonstrated how immunization could be used to combat diseases, and over the years the idea began to be deployed to other vaccines and other diseases. Besides the given medical profession, the work of Jenner was relevant to the changes or even enhancements of health policies and health systems globally. His vaccine provided not only the means to arrest a wide disease that could easily eliminate many human beings but also initiated procedures of disease prevention and control. Another important type of immunity, herd immunity, which determines an approach to managing specific diseases in the present, as well as knowledge of the degree of protection provided by the antigen in terms of the overall immune status of a population, was also achieved based on the actions taken after Jenner's procedure. As our society searches for vaccines for emergent diseases to date, this review reveals that Jenner's accomplishments are still relevant. In this article, analyzing Jenner's approach and the role of society and science at the time, along with the consequences of his work, the reader sees how Jenner changed the world of public health and laid a foundation for today's vaccination. Such an approach allows considering the changes and evolution of the topic that Jenner studied and contributed to and how people fight infections today., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ahamed VP et al.)

Childhood obesity has become a major public health concern around the world, with a rise in prevalence over the last few decades. This abstract provides an overview of pediatric obesity, including its causes, implications, and potential treatments. Childhood obesity is caused by a complex combination of environmental, genetic, and behavioral variables. A child's likelihood of developing obesity is influenced by factors, such as socioeconomic status, family dynamics, and cultural norms. Childhood obesity leads to extensive repercussions, elevating the risk of chronic conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health challenges. Furthermore, children dealing with obesity often face social stigmatization, diminished self-esteem, and academic struggles. Efforts to prevent and manage childhood obesity should employ a comprehensive and multi-tiered approach. This involves enacting policies geared toward enhancing nutrition in schools and communities, advocating for increased physical activity (PA), and curbing sedentary behaviors., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Umekar et al.)