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Worldwide, there are millions of patients each year suffering from bone-related illness due to trauma, degenerative diseases, infections or oncology that require orthopaedic intervention involving bone grafts. This literature review aims to analyse the characteristics of the different bone grafts: autografts, allografts and synthetic bone substitutes. The review will assess their medical value based on their effectiveness as well as scrutinising any drawbacks. The goal is to identify which options can give the optimal result for a patient being treated for a bone defect. Bone autografts remain the gold standard since there are no issues with histocompatibility or disease transmission while possessing the ideal characteristics: osteogenicity, osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. However, synthetic options such as calcium phosphate ceramics are becoming popular as a viable alternative for treatment since they can be produced in desired quantitates and yield excellent results while not having the problem of donor site morbidity as seen with autografts. Furthermore, advancements in fields such as bone tissue engineering and three-dimensional printing are generating promising results and could provide a path for excellent treatment in the future. The emergence of such innovations highlights the importance and the constant need for improvement in bone grafting., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Archunan et al.)

Purpose The purpose of this study was to study the association of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury with meniscal, collateral ligament, and bone injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for clinical correlation during ACL repair. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted on 136 patients diagnosed with ACL injury by MRI at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) between September 2010 and September 2018. Results The medial meniscus was injured in approximately half (49.3%) of patients, while the lateral meniscus was injured in 16.2%. Regarding collateral ligament injuries, the medial collateral ligament was injured in six patients (4.4%), the lateral collateral ligament in four patients (2.9%), and both collateral ligaments in three patients (2.2%). There was a significant relationship between the age group and the side of ACL injury (P<0.05) but not between the age group and the presence of an associated injury. Conclusion There was no significant relationship between ACL injury and menisci, collateral ligament, or bone injury., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2020, Tayeb et al.)