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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses how the identity of the Europeans of the islands of Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde) was formed during the period of the Iberian Union with the aim of characterizing the traits of the island society. The fluid contacts between the islands and their oceanic environment strengthened among the islanders an attachment to the same island region made up of a population of extra-peninsular origin whose nexus was the Atlantic. This paper, which starts from the nesological approach to define the Macaronesian insular environment, supports the analysis in a broader geographic and methodological context: The Atlantic History. This study examines the principles of this discipline in relation to islands to apply its theoretical and conceptual framework to intrinsic territories in this ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has suffered the negative consequences of numerous large earthquakes (>MW 8.0) that generated equally large tsunamis. This paper analyses one of colonial Chile's least known earthquakes. The March 15th, 1657 earthquake destroyed the city of Conception and damaged infrastructure in the city of Santiago and rural properties between Quillota and Arauco. At the same time, it generated a major tsunami that destroyed everything in its path in Conception and the gulf of Arauco. This paper uses known and previously unknown first-hand colonial sources to describe scientifically this important seismic event, that closely resembles the recent February 27th, 2010, Maule earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a corpus of 33 wills written by members of the Cajamarca indigenous elite between 1565 and 1758, this paper analyses the different ways of naming this locality, taking into account its growing importance during the two centuries covered by these documents. Our results allow us to assess and develop Argouse’s (2015) proposal with data from various notaries and a wider chronological scope. Although one can observe a clear predominance of villa over pueblo during the whole seventeenth century, the lack of reference to the type of urban entity that Cajamarca was gathers momentum at the end of that period and during the eighteenth century. We interprete these data in the light of the particular changes that Cajamarca underwent regarding its urban status during the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic history of Ecuador during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are strongly associated with the exportation of cacao to international markets. This boom generated important social, economic, political, and cultural transformations at a national level. One of these transformations was the emergence of new economic elites who disputed the prevalence of the old urban aristocracy. This paper addresses this phenomenon by analyzing the judicial process between the emerging landowner Camilo Landín and Baltazara Calderón, one of the most important Ecuadorian aristocrats of the 19th century. This process was oriented to determinate the ownership of an important portion of land. The analysis shows that, although the 19th century was a period of extensive social transformations, old aristocracies still had strong social and economic capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the two most revisited experiences of transition to socialism in the Latin American twentieth century: the Cuban Revolution and the Chilean Popular Unity government. To contrast Cuban and Chilean leftist conceptions of that period, we analyzed how the cultural magazines Casa de las Américas and La Quinta Rueda represented the agenda of the left. Based on these sources, we will discuss each government's cultural policies, the intellectual debates, the exchanges, and conflicts between the two revolutionary processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze in this paper the controversy over the uses of the anthropological collections that existed in both the Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology and the National Museum of Natural History, in Santiago of Chile between 1912 to 1929. We argue that debates between these museums were mainly influenced by three aspects: the quantity of pieces gathered, the storage and the physical preservation of the objects, and their public and official recognition as a scientific agency by the political authorities. By placing the disputes over objects and collections we can see the eclectic nature of the anthropology at the time and for what such debates and disagreements signified to the definition of the anthropology as a science during early decades of twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper researches the impact of Jaime Guzmán's political thought on the civic education of the Chileans in dictatorship, specifically on the gestation of the Program of Civic Education of 1982. It claims that the building of school curriculum was made from four structural notions of his political ideology: Authority, Intermediate Society, Subsidiary State and Capitalism. It concludes with a reflect on the role of the ideologization of scholar programs, the instrumentalization of the history and its consequence on the civil education of the Chilean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]