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This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize and conclude the clinical evidence regarding the use of cinnamon among patients with metabolic diseases. A comprehensive literature search without any limitation on language was conducted using the following bibliographical databases: ISI Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Search was conducted up to 23 January 2020. A total of 35 clinical trials were included for final analysis. Pooling of results showed a significant reducing effect of cinnamon on total cholesterol (TC) (weighted mean difference (WMD) = −11.67 mg/dL; P = 0.010), triglyceride (TG) (WMD = −16.27 mg/dL; P < 0.001), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = −6.36 mg/dL; P < 0.001), serum glucose (WMD = −11.39 mg/dL; P < 0.001), serum insulin (WMD = −1.27 μIU/mL; P = 0.028), and waist circumstance (WC) (WMD = −1.68 cm; P = 0.016). These lowering effects on TG, TC, LDL-C, and serum glucose levels were robust in studies that used cinnamon supplementation dose ≤1.5 g. Also, our findings of the present meta-analysis showed that cinnamon supplementation could have favorable effects on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, WMD = 1.35; P = 0.038) as well as systolic (WMD = −3.95 mmHg; P = 0.018) and diastolic (WMD = −3.36; P = 0.001) blood pressure among patients with metabolic diseases. The present meta-analysis suggests that cinnamon might exert beneficial effects on various cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia is recognized among the risk factors for lifestyle related diseases. A healthy diet, rich in vegetable oils such as rice bran oil (RBO), may aid to improve serum lipid levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of rice bran oil (RBO) consumption on serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in adults. The following online databases were searched for manuscripts published until October 7th 2020: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. The effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 8 eligible trials with 14 effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. Our analysis revealed that the consumption of RBO significantly decreased serum TC (WMD: −7.29 mg/dL, 95% CI: −11.32, −3.25, P = 0.000), LDL-c (WMD: −7.62 mg/dL, 95% CI: −11.10, −4.14, P = 0.000) and TG (WMD: −9.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: −17.99, −0.38, P = 0.041) levels. So, available evidence suggests that RBO consumption can significantly decrease serum TC, LDL-c and TG levels. Hence, it may play a role in reducing dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of the Paleolithic diet (PD) in adult patients suffering from metabolic disorders. However, the results of these RCTs are conflicting. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of the PD in patients with metabolic disorders. We searched the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Databases, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to June, 2020. The data were pooled using a random-effects model. From the eligible publications, 10 articles were selected for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The heterogeneity was determined using the I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q test. The pooled results from the random-effects model showed a significant reduction of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (weighted mean difference, WMD: −0.39, 95% CI: −0.70, −0.08), fasting insulin (WMD: −12.17 μU/mL, 95% CI: −24.26, −0.08), total cholesterol (WMD: −0.32 mmol/l, 95% CI: −0.49, −0.15), triglycerides (WMD: −0.29 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.42, −0.16), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: −0.35 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.67, −0.03), blood pressure (BP)(WMD − 5.89 mmHg; 95% CI − 9.973 to − 1.86 for the systolic BP and WMD − 4.01 mmHg; 95% CI − 6.21 to − 1.80 for the diastolic BP values) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (WMD: −0.84, mg/L, 95% CI: −1.62, −0.06) in the PD group versus control group. Our findings provide better insights into the effect of the PD on the modulation of the glucose and lipid metabolism factors in patients with metabolic disorders, providing comprehensive information for the development of future RCTs with a high quality design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the greatest cause of premature death and disability globally. Numerous therapeutic strategies have been developed to improve and prevent the adverse cardiovascular events, including nutritional approaches. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarized the evidence on orange juice consumption on CVD risk factors. Four databases were searched up to September 2020. Ten randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis. Pooled results demonstrated a significant effect of orange juice on glucose (WMD: −2.92 mg/dl, 95% CI: −5.327, −0.530, p = 0.017), insulin (WMD: −1.229 μU/ml, 95% CI: −2.083, −0.374, p = 0.005), HOMA-IR (WMD: −0.464, 95% CI: −0.747, −0.181, p = 0.001), total cholesterol (WMD: −9.84 mg/dl, 95% CI: −15.43, −4.24, p = 0.001), LDL-C (WMD: −9.14 mg/dl, 95% CI: −15.79, −2.49, p = 0.007), and CRP (WMD: −0.467 mg/l, 95% CI: −0.815, −0.120, p = 0.008) compared to control group. However, the effect of orange juice on body composition factors and other CVD risk factors was not significant compared to control group. These lowering effects of glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, and LDL-C were robust in subgroups with orange juice consumption ≥500 ml/day. This meta-analysis suggests that orange juice may be beneficial in improving several CVD risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades, there has been a burst of scientific literature hypothesizing the antioxidant effect of probiotics. However, the results of these studies are inconsistent and a final conclusion has yet to be reached. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of probiotic/synbiotic supplementation on serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in adults. The following online databases were searched until August 26th 2020: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Igaku Chuo Zasshi. The effect sizes were expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 31 eligible trials with 1681 participants (839 cases and 842 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that the supplementation with probiotics/synbiotics, significantly increased serum TAC (WMD: 54.14 mmol/L, 95% CI: 27.87, 80.40, P < 0.001), GSH (WMD: 40.38 μmol/L, 95% CI: 20.72, 60.03, P < 0.001) and NO (WMD: 3.54 μmol/L, 95% CI: 1.73, 5.34, P < 0.001) levels. In addition, MDA levels were significantly reduced (WMD: −0.45 μmol/L, 95% CI: −0.58,−0.32, P < 0.001) following probiotic/synbiotic supplementation. None of the variables showed a significant change in the sensitivity analysis. Available evidence suggests that probiotic/synbiotic supplementation can significantly increase serum TAC, GSH and NO, as well as reduce MDA levels in adults. Therefore, probiotic/synbiotic supplementation may play a role in improving antioxidant indices and reducing oxidative stress in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistencies exist with regard to influence of fasting and energy-restricting diets on markers of glucose and insulin controls. To address these controversial, this study was conducted to determine the impact of fasting diets on fasting blood sugars (FBSs), insulin, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. A comprehensive systematic search was carried out in electronic databases, i.e., Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science through June 2019 for RCTs that investigated the impact of fasting and energy-restricting diets on circulating FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c levels from. Weighted mean difference (WMD) with the 95% CI were used for estimating combined effect size. The subgroup analysis was applied to specify the source of heterogeneity among articles. Pooled results from 30 eligible articles with 35 arms demonstrated a significant decrease in FBS (WMD): −3.376 mg/dl, 95% CI: −5.159, −1.594, p < 0.001), insulin (WMD: −1.288 μU/ml, 95% CI: −2.385, −0.191, p = 0.021), HOMA-IR (WMD: −0.41 mg/dl, 95% CI: −0.71, −0.10, p = 0.01) levels following fasting or energy-restricting diets. Nevertheless, no significant changes were observed in serum HbA1c levels. The subgroup analyses showed that overweight or obese people with energy restricting diets and treatment duration >8 weeks had a greater reduction in FBS, insulin and HOMA-IR level compared with other subgroups. The evidence from available studies suggests that the fasting or energy-restricting diets leads to significant reductions in FBS, insulin and HOMA-IR level and has modest, but, non-significant effects on HbA1c levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]