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Critical care and mechanical ventilation have a relatively brief history in medicine. Premises existed through the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries but modern mechanical ventilation started in the twentieth century. Noninvasive ventilation techniques had started both in the intensive care unit and for home ventilation at the end of the 1980s and the 1990s. The need for mechanical ventilation is increasingly influenced worldwide by the spread of respiratory viruses, and the last coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has seen a massive successful use of noninvasive ventilation., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest L.J. Brochard’s laboratory received research grants from Medtronic, Draeger, Vitalaire and Stimit; equipment from Sentec, Fisher Paykel and Philips; lecture fees from Fisher Paykel., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Poor synchrony between the delivery of mechanical breaths, the neural respiratory timing, and needs of patients is relatively frequent under mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the different types of dyssynchrony described to date, their mechanism, consequences, and potential management. There is still a long way to get to a comprehensive knowledge and uncertainties remain. Ongoing research and development of monitoring tools are urgently needed to allow a better appraisal of this area in a near future., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)