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A new species of the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Oneirodes Lutken (Lophiiformes: Oneirodidae) is described on the basis of a single female specimen collected from the Western Indian Ocean. The new form is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of features that includes a relatively short illicium, a unique escal morphology, and shape of the subopercle bone.

A new species of the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Lasiognathus Regan (family Oneirodidae) is described on the basis of three female specimens collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Not especially similar to any of the five previously described members of the genus, the new species is unique in having a cylindrical, internally pigmented, anterior escal appendage and a pair of elongate distal escal appendages. The new species is diagnosed and described, and a revised key to the species of the genus is provided.

A sexually parasitized female of the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish Centrophryne spinulosa is described for the first time, bringing the number of ceratioid species known to exhibit sexual parasitism to 24 and the number of ceratioid families to six. The attached pair represents the largest known individuals of both sexes. The extreme and puzzling rarity of parasitized females in some of the best known ceratioid species is discussed. While it has been hypothesized that some ceratioid taxa reproduce solely by temporary male–female attachment, it now seems reasonable to expect the eventual discovery of parasitized females in any of the remaining ceratioid taxa.

A new species of the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Himantolophus, long hidden within material identified as H. appelii Clarke, 1878, is described based on 43 female specimens collected in southern waters of all three major oceans of the world. A member of the H. appelii group, it differs from its sister-species, H. appelii, the only other member of the group, in details of escal morphology. The two species are geographically sympatric over much of their range.

†Sharfia mirabilis, a new genus and species of lophiid anglerfish from the Ypresian of Monte Bolca, northern Italy, is described from a single specimen residing among collections of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Together with †Lophius brachysomus Agassiz, 1835, known from three or four individuals also from Monte Bolca, †Sharfia mirabilis is the oldest member of the teleost family Lophiidae known to date based on articulated skeletal remains. It possesses several autapomorphic features as well as a unique combination of character states, especially in the structure of the opercular bones, which clearly separate it from all other known lophiiform fishes. Among extant lophiid genera, the new taxon shows perhaps the strongest phenetic resemblance to Sladenia and Lophiodes. †Sharfia mirabilis most likely inhabited inner shelf regions of the central Tethys Sea about 50 Ma, living at moderate depths on soft mud or sand bottoms, much like extant members of the family.

A new genus and species of anglerfish, Dibrachichthys melanurus, of the antennarioid family Tetrabrachiidae, is described on the basis of 42 specimens collected in near-shore coastal waters of Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, and the Aru Islands, southeastern Indonesia. It differs most strikingly from its sister species, Tetrabrachium ocellatum, the only previously described tetrabrachiid, in having the pectoral fin entire, rather than having the rays divided into two distinct sections, a feature that was heretofore diagnostic for the family. The new taxon is diagnosed, described, and compared osteologically with its sister taxon using high-resolution, X-ray computed tomography.

On 6 June 2005, the ROV Tiburon of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute captured approximately 24.4 min of footage (30 frames s−1) of a female ceratioid anglerfish, identified as a member of the genus Oneirodes, off the coast of Monterey, CA, at a depth of 1474 m. To gain insight into ceratioid behavioral ecology, this sequence was digitized and analyzed frame-by-frame. All relevant behaviors were described and the kinematics of one slow-swimming and one directional change sequence were quantified. These sequences captured both reduced (slow-swimming) and prominent (directional change) functions of the pectoral fins in producing motion. The angler was initially sighted passively drifting with its illicium extended. It swam away rapidly when approached by the ROV, but for most of the time, it remained lethargic, drifting with no preferred body orientation. When progressing, however, the fish swam slowly and intermittently at approximately 0.24 body lengths s−1, with its pectoral fins beati...

A new species of the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Chaenophryne Regan (Lophiiformes: Oneirodidae), Chaenophryne quasiramifera, is described on the basis of two female specimens collected from the Nasca Ridge and Peru-Chile Trench in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. The new form is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of features that includes escal morphology, illicium length, and jaw-tooth and fin-ray counts. The new species is diagnosed and described, and a revised key to the species is provided.

The deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Spiniphryne Bertelsen, 1951 (family Oneirodidae), diagnosed and described on the basis of new material recently collected from all three major oceans of the world, contains two species: the type species, Spiniphryne gladisfenae (Beebe, 1932), now represented by 21 specimens collected from the Western Pacific and Western Indian oceans, and from both sides of the Atlantic; and a new species, Spiniphryne duhameli, described here on the basis of two females from the Central and Eastern North Pacific. The new species differs from S. gladisfenae in having three pairs of long, slender, lateral escal filaments on each side and a greater number of teeth on the dentary (51–52 vs. 21–45). Diagnoses and descriptions are given for both taxa and a key to the species is provided. T

The deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Acentrophryne is revised on the basis of all known material. Two species are recognized: the type species Acentrophryne longidens, represented by two specimens collected in the Gulf of Panama and from off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a new species described here on the basis of three specimens, all from off Peru. The new species differs from A. longidens in having a much longer distal escal appendage, a longer illicium, a narrower head, and fewer pectoral-fin rays. Diagnoses and descriptions are given for all taxa and a key to the species is provided.

A new species of the deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Lasiognathus Regan (family Thaumatichthyidae) is described from a single female specimen collected in the eastern north Atlantic Ocean off Madeira. It is most similar to Lasiognathus saccostoma Regan but differs from this species and from its remaining congeners, Lasiognathus beebei Regan and Trewavas, Lasiognathus waltoni Nolan and Rosenblatt, and Lasiognathus intermedius Bertelsen and Pietsch, in having only two bony hooks in the esca. The new species is diagnosed and described, and a revised key to the species is provided.

The deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Phyllorhinichthys is revised on the basis of all known material. Two species are recognized: the type species Phyllorhinichthys micractis, now represented by nine specimens collected from all three major oceans of the world; and a new species described here on the basis of five specimens, all from the Atlantic Ocean. The new species differs from P. micractis in having a longer illicium, only a single anterior escal appendage, and a much longer distal escal appendage. Diagnoses and descriptions are given for all taxa, known distributions are plotted, and a key to the species is provided.

A new deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish of the genus Oneirodes Lutken is described on the basis of three specimens collected from off Hawaii, Japan, and the southwest coast of Taiwan. The new species, Oneirodes pietschi, should belong to the member of the Oneirodes schmidti-group, in having a relatively long illicium and subopercular bone. It differs from all known species of the O. schmidti-group, as well as from all previously described species of the genus, in details of its escal morphology.

The deep-sea ceratioid anglerfish genus Bufoceratias Whitley is revised on the basis of all known material. Three species are recognized: Bufoceratias wedli (Pietschmann), now represented by 69 specimens collected from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean; Bufoceratias thele (Uwate), 11 specimens from the western Pacific; and a new species, Bufoceratias shaoi, described on the basis of four specimens from the Western Indian and Western Pacific oceans. The new species differs from its congeners by having a short illicium and an unusually large and morphologically complex esca. Diagnoses and descriptions are given for all taxa and a revised key to the species of the genus is provided. Diceratiids are found in all three major oceans of the world, but they are conspicuously absent from the eastern Pacific. In contrast to the midwater life style generally assumed for most ceratioids, at least some diceratiids, especially larger individuals, are associated with the bottom.

A new species of the ceratioid anglerfish genus Gigantactis is described from a single specimen collected in the western North Atlantic. Clearly a member of the Gigantactis macronema-group, it is unique among members of this group and among all other described species of the genus in having a combination of features that includes a long illicium, unique escal morphology, and exceptionally long caudal-fin rays. A revised key to the species of the G. macronema-group is provided.

Three individuals of a whipnose anglerfish, Gigantactis sp., were observed near the bottom in the North Central Pacific Ocean. An image from one of three videotape sequences discussed herein represents the first photograph of live behavior in members of the fish family Gigantactinidae. Foraging and escape behaviors included drifting and swimming upside-down. Close association with the bottom while drifting suggests foraging on benthic organisms. Escape behaviors also indicate a lack of stamina consistent with a sit-and-wait bathypelagic predator.

The species of the deepsea ceratioid anglerfish genus Rhynchactis (family Gigantactinidae), presently represented in collections by 11 females, five males, and 26 larvae, are reviewed on the basis of all known material. Three species are recognized: the type species of the genus, R. leptonema Regan, represented by the holotype collected from the Western Central Atlantic Ocean and a second specimen recently taken off Hawaii; and two previously unrecorded species, R. macrothrix, described here on the basis of three specimens from the North Atlantic and Indian oceans, and R. microthrix, a single specimen taken from the Indian Ocean. Diagnostic characters are restricted to features of the illicium: secondary illicial filaments, absent in R. leptonema, are long (the five longest 6-15% SL), some with bifid tips, in R. macrothrix, but short (the five longest 2-4% SL) and all simple in R. microthrix. Descriptions are given for all taxa, collection localities are plotted, and a key to females of the species is provided.

treefrog, Hyla ebraccata: responses of males to graded aggressive calls. Copeia 1989:461-466. WOOLBRIGHT, L. L. 1985. Patterns of nocturnal movement and calling by the tropical frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Herpetologica 41:1-9. , AND M. M. STEWART. 1987. Foraging success of the tropical frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui: the cost of calling. Copeia 1987:69-75. ZELICK, R. D., AND P. M. NARINS. 1985. Characterization of the advertisement call oscillator in the frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. J. Comp. Physiol. 156: 223-229.

The common southern African anglerfish, Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes, has been regarded as a geographic isolate of the European anglerfish, L. piscatorius Linnaeus. A recent review of the genus Lophius recognized two species, L. vomerinus and L. upsicephalus Smith, in southern Africa. In the present study, we used isozymic electrophoresis and multivariate analysis of morphology to compare the southern African anglerfish with L. piscatorius and L. budegassa Spinola. The average heterozygosity in L. vomerinus is unusually high for marine teleosts (H = 0.117). Average heterozygosities were much lower in L. budegassa (H = 0.047) and L. piscatorius (H = 0.0). The southern African anglerfish is genetically and morphologically distinct from both European species. We redescribe L. vomerinus because the original description was based on an aberrant lack of vomerine teeth in the type specimen. Lophius upsicephalus is a junior synonym of L. vomerinus.

AMONG collections taken by the R/V ALPHA HELIX during the 1975 Southeast Asian Bioluminescence Expedition were three specimens of an undescribed species of the ceratioid genus Oneirodes (Oneirodidae). This material forms the basis for the following description. To insure accurate fin-ray counts, skin was removed from the pectoral fins and incisions were made in the skin to reveal the rays of the dorsal and anal fins. Sockets, indicating missing teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, were included in tooth counts. Other measurements follow

a new species from Indonesian waters. The nominal genus Paroneirodes is considered a synonym of Diceratias. A detailed osteological description of Diceratias is presented and contrasted with that of Phrynichthys. The family, genera and species are diagnosed and described. Annotated synonymies and a key to the genera and species are provided. Vertical and horizontal distributions within the family are discussed.

TWO females representing an undescribed species of the ceratioid genus Oneirodes (Oneirodidae) were collected in the Banda Sea, Indonesia, by the R/V ALPHA HELIX during the 1975 Southeast Asian Bioluminescence Expedition to the Philippine Archipelago. The new form is described below. Methods used for making counts and measurements and terms used to identify the various appendages of the esca follow Pietsch (1974). Standard length (SL) is used throughout.

The ceratioid anglerfish family Ceratiidae is reviewed on the basis of all known material. Evidence is presented to support the recognition of four species in two genera. The genus Ceratias contains three species: C. tentaculatus (Norman), characterized by having two escal appendages and restricted in distribution to the Southern Ocean; C. holboelli Kroyer, with a single escal appendage, inhabiting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans; and C. uranoscopus Murray, characterized by the lack of an escal appendage and also known from all three major oceans of the world. The genus Cryptopsaras, containing only C. couesi Gill, is found throughout all oceans of the world. Synonymies, diagnoses and descriptions are given for all taxa. The tentative geographic distribution of each species is plotted, evolutionary relationships are discussed and a key to the genera and species of the family is provided. THE ceratioid family Ceratiidae contains relatively elongate, large-sized anglerfishes, easily separated from members of allied families by having the cleft of the mouth vertical

Westmove (Larus occidentalis). Bonner Zool. Beitrage 3/4:202-227. MAY, A. W. 1964. An assymetrical pair of cod otoliths. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21:413-414. MESSERSMITH, J. D. 1965. Southern range extensions for chum and silver salmon. Calif. Fish Game 51:220. MESSIEH, S. N. 1972. Use of otoliths in identifying herring stocks in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and adjacent waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 29:1113-1118. MOSHER, K. H. 1969. Identification of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout by scale characteristics. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circular 317. NIJSSEN, H. 1964. Otoliths of the wolf-fishes (genus Anarrhichas, Linnaeus 1758) from the northern Atlantic (Pisces, Perciformes). Beaufortia 11(146):179-183. NORDEN, C. R. 1961. Comparative osteology of representative salmonid fishes, with particular reference to the grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and its phylogeny. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 18:679-791. OSBORNE, D., A. BRYAN AND R. H. CRABTREE. 1961. River basin surveys papers, No. 24. The Sheep Island site and the mid-Columbia valley. Bull. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. 179:267-306. PIETSCH, T. W. 1972. A review of the monotypic deep-sea anglerfish family Centrophrynidae: taxonomy, distribution and osteology. Copeia 1972:17-47. SKALKIN, V. A. 1961. Otolity treskovykh ryb (sem. Gadidae) dal'nevostochnykh morei. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 1(2)(19):286-289. SCHMIDT, W. 1968. Vergleichend-morphologische Studie fiber die Otolithen mariner Knockenfische. Archiv Fischereiwiss. 19:1-96. SCHULZ, P. D., AND D. D. SIMONS. 1973. Fish species diversity in a prehistoric central California Indian midden. Calif. Fish Game 59: 107-113. SIEGEL, S. 1956. Nonparametric statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York. SOUTAR, A., AND J. D. ISAACS. 1969. History of fish populations inferred from fish scales in anaerobic sediments off California. Calif. Mar. Res. Comm., CalCOFI Rept. 13:63-70. TICHIJ, M. 1929. Fische aus dem Palaolithikum der Krim. Akademia Nauk S.S.S.R. Komissiia po izucheniiu chetvertichnogo perioda. Biulleten 1:43-48. VLADYKOV, V. D. 1962. Osteological studies on Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 136.

BRADBURY, M. G. 1967. The genera of batfishes (family Ogcocephalidae). Copeia 1967:399-422. PIETSCH, T. W. 1969. A remarkable new genus of deep-sea anglerfish (family Oneirodidae) from off Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Ibid. 1969:365-369. 1972a. A review of the monotypic deep-sea anglerfish family Centrophrynidae: Taxonomy, distribution, and osteology. Ibid. 1972:17-47. ibution No. 715 from the Sc ool of Fisheries, ol ege of Ocean a d Fishery Sciences, Uniersity of Washington. 1972b. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen des FFS "Walther Herwig" nach Siidamerika. XIX. Systematics and distribution of ceratioid fishes of the genus Dolopichthys (family Oneirodidae), with the description of a new species. Arch. FischWiss 23(1):1-28.

is a bottom associated form on which it feeds. Rafting is thus unlikely. Much more likely is the chance of larval transport. The larvae of at least some damselfish may be captured some distance from shore in nightlight stations. They are able to prolong the transformation to juvenile stages if no suitable substrate is available (Emery, 1968). The problem of being transported to the island group is not small, oceanic drift is towards South America, away from the islands. However, if we speculate that a group of larval E. variabilis were carried to the island somehow, and that few if any such accidents of distribution reoccurred, the potential for new characters to arise is present. No influence from the mainland E. variabilis gene pool would be felt by E. rocasensis and the influence of E. rocasensis genes (donated by larvae swept to the mainland) would be swamped in the larger E. variabilis gene pool.

Centrophryne spinulosa, the only member of the deep-sea anglerfish family Centrophrynidae, is redescribed on the basis of new material recently collected from the eastern north Pacific Ocean. The distribution of C. spinulosa is world-wide in tropical and subtropical waters. A complete osteological description is presented with some comparative aspects discussed. Otoliths of C. spinulosa are compared with those of some members of the families Caulophrynidae, Gigantactinidae, and Oneirodidae. A revised key to the females of the families of the suborder Ceratioidei is included.