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Metabolic factors involved in energy production during activity were examined in the West African caecilian Geotrypetes seraphini occidentalis. This species exhibits violent escape behavior during stimulation but fatigues rapidly. Measurements of oxygen consumption and lactate production during activity indicate that nearly 90% of the energy produced during 2 min of activity is derived from anaerobic sources. The pattern of oxygen consumption during activity and the morphology of the integument and lungs of caecilians suggest that oxygen uptake is primarily pulmonary rather than cutaneous.

1970. Temperature acclimation in two species of Sceloporus. Herpetologica 26:83-85. PAPPENHEIMER, J. R. 1950. Standardization of definitions and symbols in respiratory physiology. Fed. Proc. 9:602-605. REGAL, P. J. 1966. Thermophilic response following feeding in certain reptiles. Copeia 1966:588-590. SEYMOUR, R. S. 1973. Physiological correlates of forced activity and burrowing in the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus hammondii. Copeia 1973:103-115. SPRAY, D. C., AND D. B. BELKIN. 1973. Thermal patterns in the heating and cooling of Iguana iguana and Ctenosaura hemophila. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 44A:881-892. STEBBINS, R. C. 1958. An experimental study of the third eye of the tuatara. Copeia 1958: 183-190. TUCKER, V. A. 1966. Oxygen transport by the circulatory system of the green iguana (Iguana iguana) at different body temperatures. J. Exp. Biol. 44:77-92. 1967. The role of the cardiovascular system in oxygen transport and thermoregulation in lizards, p. 258-269. In: Lizard ecology: A symposium. W. W. Milstead (ed.). Univ. of Missouri Press, Columbia. VERON, J., AND H. HEATWOLE. 1970. Temperature relations of the water skink Sphenomorphus quoyi. J. Herpetol. 4:141-153. at re accli ation in two WARBURG, M. R. 1965. The influence of ambient temperature on the body temperature and water loss from two Australian lizards, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray) (Scincidae) and Amphibolurus barbatus Cuvier (Agamidae). Aust. J. Zool. 13:331-350. WEBB, G. J. W., C. R. JOHNSON AND B. T. FIRTH. 1972. Head body temperature differences in lizards. Physiol. Zool. 45:130-142. WILSON, K. J. 1971. The relationships of activity, energy metabolism, and body temperature in four species of lizards. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Monash Univ., Clayton, Victoria. , AND A. K. LEE. 1970. Changes in the oxygen consumption and heart rate with activity and body temperature in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 33:311-322. , AND . Energy expenditure of a herbivorous lizard. Copeia (In press). WOOD, S. C., AND W. R. MOBERLY. 1970. The influence of temperature on the respiratory properties of iguana blood. Resp. Physiol. 10:20-29.

Juvenile newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) exhibit different growth patterns in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Aquatic juveniles grow at a faster annual rate and mature earlier than the terrestrial efts. The growth of efts is largely concentrated in the summer; whereas, aquatic juveniles achieve most of their annual increment in the spring. The mean annual growth increment of the efts varied more from year to year than did that of the aquatic juveniles. These differences in growth were attributed to temperature and moisture conditions which influenced the amount of time the newts spent foraging.

Etheostoma zonale is redescribed and variation patterns are analyzed. Geographical variation indicates the existence of two subspecies, Etheostoma zonale zonale (Cope) and Etheostoma zonale lynceum (Jordan). The former is found in the Mississippi River drainages above the Fall Line, western drainages of Lake Michigan and headwaters of the Savannah River on the Atlantic slope. The latter occurs in eastern tributaries of the lower Mississippi River, below the Fall Line, and in eastern Gulf slope drainages in Mississippi and Louisiana. The geographical origin of the species and its dispersion routes are postulated.

THE genus Diplectrum Holbrook is composed of several species from the tropical-subtropical coastal areas of the western hemisphere. Dr. Leslie W. Knapp, Supervisor for Vertebrates at the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, made many collections along the northwest coast of South America. Among the members of the genus Diplectrum examined from those collections were nine specimens of a distinct and new species. Examination of fish collections at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography and the Los Angeles County Museum revealed 17 additional specimens also considered in this report. All Diplectrum thus far examined (Longley and Hildebrand, 1941; Reinboth, 1967; Bortone, 1971) are synchronously hermaphroditic. The new species is no exception and the gonad of one specimen was examined histologically. All measurements were made with dial calipers to 0.1 mm, except standard length of specimens above 100 mm which was recorded to the nearest millimeter. Measurements and counts were made according to methods of Hubbs and Lagler (1964) with the following emendations: cheek scale rows A was made from the posteroventral angle of the eye downward and posteriorly toward the preopercular angle; cheek scale rows B from the posterior serrated upper arm of the preopercle downward and anteriorly to the distal end of the maxillary (Ginsburg, 1948); gillraker counts (made on the first arch) included all rudiments of gill rakers and tubercles; preopercular spines included all spines on the upper arm, spur and lower arm; preopercular spur spines were counted between the upper and lower outside angles of the preopercular spur; interorbital width was measured as the least fleshy width of the interorbital area; cheek length was from the distal maxillary edge to the nearest 61 border of the upper preopercular arm; maxillary width was measured at the broadest part of the distal maxillary area. Dorsal fin support and vertebral counts were made from radiographs. Method of counting dorsal fin supports followed that of Smith and and Bailey (1961). Vertebral counts were separated as to precaudal and caudal by a plus sign with the last caudal vertebrae counted being the hypural. The gonad (formalin fixed) from a 113 mm SL specimen (USNM 208197) was removed, embedded in parafin, sectioned at 10-15 IA, and stained with hematoxylin and Orange GChromatrope 2R. Abbreviations for the institutions cited are: USNM, U. S. National Museum; CAS, California Academy of Sciences; SIO, Scripps Institute of Oceanography; LACM, Los Angeles County Museum; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History. All specimens collected by Dr. Knapp carry his field number (LK).

JORDAN, D. S., AND B. W. EVERMANN. 1898. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 47:1241-2183. KENDALL, W. C. 1908. Fauna of New England. List of the pisces. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 7(8):1-152. . 1914. An annotated catalogue of the fishes of Maine. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. His. 3:1-198. LEIM, A. H., AND W. B. SCOTT. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 155:1-485. MACDONALD, S. D. 1953. Report on biological investigations at Alert, N. W. T. Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada 128:241-256. NICHOLS, J. T., AND C. M. BREDER, JR. 1927. The marine fishes of New York and southern New England. Zoologica, N. Y., 9:1-192. PARR, A. E. 1931. A study of subspecies and racial variations in Liparis liparis Linnaeus and Liparis koefoedi n. sp., in northern Europe and the European Arctic waters. Bergens Mus. Aarbok 6:1-54. SCHMITT, J. 1904. Monographie D'Isle D'Anticosti. Poissons, 282-287. Paris. SMITH, H. M. 1898. The fishes found in the vicinity of Woods Hole. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. 3:85-111. SQUIRES, H. J. 1962. Giant scallops in Newfoundland Coastal Waters. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 135:1-29. TAYLOR, W. R. 1967. An enzyme method of clearing and staining small vertebrates. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 122:1-17. WALTERS, V. 1953. Notes on fishes from Prince Patrick and Ellesmere Islands, Canada. Amer. Mus. Nov. 1643:1-17. . 1955. Fishes of western Arctic America and eastern Arctic Siberia. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 106:255-368. WELSH, W. W. 1915. Note on the habits of the young of the squirrel hake and sea snail. Copeia 18:2-3. WIHEELER, A. C. 1958. The Gronovius fish collection: A catalogue and historical account. Bull. Brit. Mus. Hist. Ser. 1:187-249. 1969. The fishes of the British Isles and northwest Europe. Macmillan. London.

HOEDEMAN, J. J. 1959. Rivulid fishes of Suriname and other Guyanas, with a preliminary review of the genus Rivulus. Stud. Fauna Surinam Guyanas 3(7):44-98. . 1961. Preliminary key to the species and subspecies of the genus Rivulus. Bull. Aquatic Biol. 2(18):65-74. HUBBS, C. L., AND C. HUBBS. 1953. An improved graphical analysis and comparison of series of samples. Syst. Zool. 2:49-56, 92. KLEE, A. J. 1964. New fish from Peru. Aquar. J., San Francisco. 25(2):61-64. LULING, K. H. 1962. Zur Okologie von Pterolebias peruensis Myers, 1954 (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae) am See Quista Cocha (Amazonia Peruana). Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 4:353-359. MYERS, G. S. 1932. A new genus of funduline cyprinodont fishes from the Orinoco basin, Venezuela. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 45:159-172. 1935. Four new fresh-water fishes from

rowing frog, Heleioporus eyrei (Gray). Copeia 1968:741-745. LILLYWHITE, H. B. 1970. Behavioral temperature regulation in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Copeia 1970:158-168. . 1971. Thermal modulation of cutaneous mucus discharge as a determinant of evaporative water loss in the frog, Rana catesbeiana. Z. vergl. Physiologie 73:84-104. , P. LICHT AND P. CHELGREN. 1973. The role of behavioral thermoregulation in the growth energetics of the toad, Bufo boreas. Ecology 54:375-383. LOVERIDGE, J. P. 1970. Observations on nitrogenous excretion and water relations of Chiromantis xerampelina (Amphibia, Anura). Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 5:1-6. MACHIN, J. 1969. Passive water movements through skin of the toad Bufo marinus in air and in water. Amer. J. Physiol. 216:1562-1568. MCCLANAHAN, L., AND R. BALDWIN. 1969. Rate of water uptake through the integument of the desert toad, Bufo punctatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28:381-389. PACKER, W. C. 1963. Dehydration, hydration, and burrowing behavior in Heleioporus eyrei (Gray) (Leptodactylidae). Ecology 44:643-651. RUIBAL, R., L. TEVIS, JR. AND V. RoIG. 1969. The terrestrial ecology of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus hammondii. Copeia 1969:571-584. SEYMOUR, R. S. 1972. Behavioral thermoregulation by juvenile green toads, Bufo debilis. Copeia 1972:572-575. SHOEMAKER, V. H., D. BALDING, R. RUIBAL AND L. MCCLANAHAN, JR. 1972. Uricotelism and low evaporative water loss in a South American frog. Science 175:1018-1020.

metrurus oreni. Sea Fish. Res. Sta., Haifa 60:1-12. FOURMANOIR, P. 1965. Liste complementaire des poissons marins de Nha-Trang. Cahiers ORSTOM, Oc6anographie, no. spec.:1-114. . 1969.

Karyotypes are presented and analyzed for 19 species of frogs in the genus Leptodactylus. Chromosomal distinctiveness was found in the marmoratus species group and for three of the four sampled species in the melanonotus species group. The other three species groupings are not as easily defined using chromosomes. Intergeneric karyotypic similarities in the family Leptodactylidae suggest that a 26-chromosome compliment is the ancestral condition in the genus Leptodactylus. The ethological evolutionary trend in this genus has probably been from terrestrial to aquatic and not the reverse as was previously believed. The marmoratus group may be the ancestral group in this genus and provide important evolutionary insight related to the phylogeny of several leptodactylid genera.

A comparison was made of environmental salinities, ability to survive in fresh water and upper salinity tolerance for over 20 species of the teleost genus Fundulus. All species of the genus occur, at times, in fresh water and are able to survive in this medium in the laboratory. Species found in brackish environments have upper salinity tolerances ranging from 74-114%o, while most species characteristic of fresh waters are unable to survive in salinities above 29%o. Notable exceptions are F. zebrinus, an inland species commonly found in saline waters, F. diaphanus, a freshwater form which often enters dilute brackish estuaries and F. waccamensis, a Pleistocene lacustrine derivative of F. diaphanus. Since brackish-water species are tolerant of life in fresh water while the reverse is not the case, it is suggested that freshwater species of Fundulus were derived from fully euryhaline ancestors which gradually lost the ability to live in sea water during extended isolation from brackish or marine environments.

Mechanisms of shell closure in box turtles of the family Emydidae have been analyzed with respect to functional anatomy, evolution and phylogenetic significance. Structural requirements essential to the box turtle morphotype are: 1) plastral kinesis; 2) mechanisms for displacement (accommodation) of the limb girdles as the shell is closed; 3) additional space in the shell for displacement of the forelimbs; 4) musculature to effect shell closure. Girdle accommodation is structurally and evolutionarily the most "difficult" requirement; plastral kinesis is the least.

ALVAREZ, J., AND J. CARRANZA. 1952. Cuatro especies nuevas de peces dulce-acuicolas del sureste de Mexico. Ciencia 11:281-289. GOLDSTEIN, R. J. 1973. Report of a collection of freshwater fishes from Cozumel, Q. R., Yucatan. Adv. Aquar. Mag. 44:7-9. GORDON, M. 1947. Speciation in fishes. Adv. Gen. 1:95-132. HOEDEMAN, J. J. 1959. Rivulid fishes of Suriname and other Guyanas, with a preliminary review of the genus Rivulus. Stud. Fauna Suriname and other Guyanas 3(7):4498. 1961. Studies on Cyprinodontiform fishes. 8. Preliminary key to the species and subspecies of the genus Rivulus. Bull. Aquatic Biol. 2(18):65-74. HUBBS, C. L. 1936. Fishes of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carm. Inst. Wash. Publ. 457:157-287. , AND K. F. LAGLER. 1958. Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. Rev. ed., Cranbrook Inst. Sci., Bull. 26. MEEK, S. E. 1904. The fresh-water fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Col. Mus., 93 (Zool. ser., Publ. 5). MILLER, R. R. 1966. Geographical distribution of Central American freshwater fishes. Copeia 1966:773-802. , AND A. CARR. 1974. Systematics and distribution of some freshwater fishes from Honduras and Nicaragua. Copeia 1974:120125. MYERS, G. S. 1927. An analysis of the genera of Neotropical killifishes allied to Rivulus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 19:115-129. . 1942. Studies on South American freshwater fishes. I. Stanford Ich. Bull. 2:89-114. STENHOLT CLAUSEN, H. 1967. Tropical Old World cyprinodonts. Akad. Forlag, Copenhagen, 64 pp. WILEY, M. L., AND B. B. COLLETrE. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 143: 143-216.

BERTIN, L. 1958a. Glands cutanes et organes lumineux, p. 459-481. In: Trait6 de Zoologie. P. P. Grasse (ed.) 13. Masson, Paris. 1958b. Appareil digestif, 1248-1302. Ibid. CAMERON, A. M., AND R. ENDEAN. 1966. The venom apparatus of the scorpion fish Notesthes robusta. Toxicon 4:111-121. ENDEAN, R. 1968. A study of the distribution, habitat, behaviour, venom-apparatus, and venom of the stone-fish. Austr. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 12:177-196. GENARO, J. F., JR., A. H. ANTON AND D. F. SAYERS. 1968. The fine structure of pit viper venom and additional observations on the role of aromatic amines in the physiology of the pit viper. Comp. Biochem. Physio. 25:285293. HALSTEAD, B. W. 1970. Class Osteichthyes, Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. 2:149-594. KR6LLING, O., AND H. GRAU. 1960. Lehrbuch der Histologie und Vergleichenden Mikroskopischen Anatomie der Haustiere. PALADE, G. E., P. SIEKEWITZ AND L. G. CARO. 1962. Structure, chemistry and function of the pancreatic exocrine cell, p. 23-49. In: The exocrine pancreas Renck, A. V. and M. P. Cameron (eds.). H. and A. Churchill. SKEIE, E. 1962. The venom organs of the Weaverfish (Trachinus draco). Meddel. Danm. Fisk. Hovound. 3:327-338. SMITH-VANIZ, W. F. 1969. A new species of Meiacanthus (Pisces, Blenniidae, Nemophidinae) from the Red Sea, with a review of the Indian Ocean species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 82. 349-354. SPRINGER, V. C. 1968. Osteology and classification of the fishes of the Family Blenniidae. Nat. Mus. Bull. 284. , AND W. F. SMITH-VANIZ. 1972. Mimetic relationships involving fishes of the family Blenniidae. Smithsonian Contr. Zoology, 12. WALLACE, L. B. 1893. The structure and development of the axillary gland of Batrachus. J. Morph. 8:563-568. MARINE BIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY, TEL Aviv, ISRAEL.

AND C. F. FIRLIT. 1960. Further studies on the embryonic development of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan). J. Morph. 107:205-225. , AND . 1962. Ovarian cycle and egg production in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Copeia 1962:788-792. KIHLSTROM, J. E., C. LUNDBERG AND L. HULTIH. 1971. Number of eggs and young produced by zebrafishes (Brachydanio rerio, Ham.-Buch.) spawning in water containing small amounts of phenylmercuric acetate. Environ. Res. 4: 355-359. KIMMEL, C. B. 1972. Mauthner axons in living fish larvae. Dev. Biol. 27:272-275. LAALE, H. W. 1971. Ethanol induced notochord and spinal cord duplications in the embryo of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J. Exp. Zool. 177:51-64. , AND D. J. MCCALLION. 1968. Reversible developmental arrest in the embryo of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J. Exp. Zool. 167:117-128. LEGAULT, R. 1958. A technique for controlling the time of daily spawning and collecting of eggs of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan). Copeia 1958:328-330. MACKESSACK, T. M. 1962. Fishes of Saraya Man. The Aquarium 31:87-101. ORLAND, H. P. 1965. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association, Inc., New York. SCHIRONE, R. C., AND L. GROSS. 1968. Effect of temperature on early embryological development of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio. J. Exp. Zool. 169:43-52. SCHMIDT, V. H. 1930. Speciesbastard zwischen Brachydanio rerio und Brachydanio albolineatus. Aquarium 1930:58-61. SOKAL, R. R., AND F. J. ROHLF. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. STEFANELLI, A., AND S. CARAVITA. 1964. Ultrastruttura dei sistemi sinaptici del neurone di mauthner di un teleosteo (Brachydanio rerio). Z. Zellforsch. Mikr. Anat. 62:1-15. WEIS, J. S. 1968. Analysis of the development of the nervous system of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. I. The normal morphology and development of the spinal cord and ganglia of the zebrafish. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 19:109-119.

Since the work of Hecht (1957), the relationship between Proteus and Necturus has been in doubt. The present investigation, based primarily on certain cephalic features, has reconsidered the case for parallelism at the familial level for these perennibranchiates. They share structures, unique among urodeles, as part of their sound-transmitting mechanism: a columellar process of the squamosal, and heterotopic ossifications within the lig. squamoso-columellare. They are also fundamentally alike in chromosome pattern and n number, hyobranchial apparatus and tooth structure and organization. They appear to be extremely ancient perennibranchiates as indicated by numerous shared specializations superimposed on their basic neotenic habitus. After reexamination of morphological, paleontological, zoogeographic and behavioral data, it is concluded that the preponderance of available evidence supports the early workers, such as Noble (1931), who assigned these two genera to the same family, the Proteidae.

Separate, continuous, and time-correlated graphic records of air breathing of five Amia under experimental conditions were made simultaneously with a 6-channel physiograph. Breathing rates were recorded at 2.8 C intervals over a temperature range of 4.4 to 35.2 C. Concentrations of dissolved gases in the aquaria were not measured. At temperatures of 4.4, 7.2 and 10.0 C air breathing was negligible. Above 10 C the rate consistently increased as the temperature increased. Activity was greatest between 18.4 and 29.6 C and during the 35.2 C period. The five fish subjected to 35.2 C died at this temperature-two during acclimation, three during the recording period; 35.2 C may be the critical thermal maximum for the species. The rate of air breathing was higher during night than during day at almost all experimental temperatures, and at 21.2 C the rate was higher during darkness than during equal periods of light regardless of whether darkness occurred in natural day or night.

THE alepisauroid family Scopelarchidae, or pearl-eyed fishes, consists of 17 species in four genera. All genera occur in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the combined distribution of all the species is essentially cosmopolitan in oceanic midwater habitats extending from subarctic through temperate and tropical to Antarctic waters. Scopelarchids are not known from the Arctic Ocean and do not occur in the Mediterranean Sea. Scopelarchids are distinguished from other alepisauroid myctophiforms (Marshall 1955) by the following combination of characters: lingual teeth strongly developed, usually hooked, present on the basihyal, present or absent on the basibranchials; squamation complete on the body and postorbital regions of the head; parietal bones present (in some), widely sep.. arated by the frontals and supraoccipital; two postcleithra, widely separated in the vertical dimension; large tubular eyes directed straight upward (except three species where directed dorsoanteriad); larvae with 0-3 peritoneal pigment sections. A world-wide revision of the Scopelarchidae including diagnoses, illustrations and descriptions of species and genera, relationships between scopelarchid species and an account of the zoogeography of the family has recently been completed (Johnson, 1971) and will be published elsewhere. However, as the expected lapse of time before publication of this monograph is considerable, the new names are being made available at this time. I have included keys to all known scopelarchid species and genera for use of students of the deep-sea fauna. The taxonomic judgements represented by names recognized in these keys are documented and defended in the forthcoming monograph and in Johnson (1971). MATERIALS AND METHODS

Analysis of variation in the South American tegu lizards, genus Tupinambis requires revision of their systematics. Two species are recognized: T. teguixin and T. rufescens. Tupinambis nigropunctatus Spix, 1825, is placed in the synonymy of T. teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758). The nominal taxa T. duseni Lonnberg and Andersson 1910, and T. teguixin sebastiani Miiller, 1968, are placed in the synonymy of T. rufescens (Guinther, 1871). Tupinambis teguixin is restricted to the tropical and subtropical vegetational communities of Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas and it occurs throughout the Amazon basin, following these associations south along the major river systems to Rosario, Argentina. Tupinambis rufescens is restricted to arid and semiarid associations of eastern and southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, south through Paraguay to Buenos Aires, Argentina and Durazno, Uruguay. Sympatry is indicated by records for both species from Ascunci6n and from other localities along the Rios Apa and Pilcomayo in Paraguay and from the province of Santa Fe, Argentina.

After 1 day of development, the large size of the Mauthner neurons enables them to be distinguished from other immature neurons of the hindbrain. By 1V2 days the neurite of the M-neuron extends at least to the midline of the brain. At this time the marginal layer of the brain and spinal cord may be seen, and tactile stimulation of embryos removed from the chorion elicits a coil response. Slightly older embryos respond with weak swimming behavior. At 2 days of development, the dendrites are beginning to form on the M-neuron and the axon extends well down the length of the spinal cord. Tactile stimulation causes sustained swimming which moves the animal many times its own length. At 3 days the M-neurons have many adult morphological characteristics. The axon extends to the caudal end of the spinal cord, the ventral and lateral dendrites are present and branched, and the axon cap can be distinguished. Sensory organs important in M-neuron functioning also develop in correspondence with the early maturation of the giant cells. By 2 to 2? days, neuromasts of the head and body are innervated, and fibers from the eye begin innervation of the midbrain. By 3 days dendrites of the eighth cranial ganglion cells are present in the sensory maculae of the otic vesicles and axons from these cells extend to the lateral dendrite of the M-neurons. Most animals hatch at 4 days, and at this time sudden auditory stimulation causes an abrupt darting movement, a startle-reflex which appears similar to that mediated by M-neurons in adults. These findings suggest that, as in the adult, the M-neurons mediate startle-reflexes in larvae.

The buccal gland of Meiacanthus nigrolineatus is situated on the dentary bone, enveloping the base of specialized canine fangs. This gland is 1.2 to 1.5 mm long, and is divided into several lobes by sheets of connective tissue. Each lobe produces secreting cells that ripen, and by holocrinic secretion empty their products in the intercellular spaces. The gland is ductless and the secretion is pressed into the wound along grooves in the fang. Fish-genera related to Meiacanthus (Petroscirtes, Dasson) do not have poison glands in the mouth cavity.

Behavioral responses of several species of Puerto Rican Anolis to live insect bait in nature indicated that virtually all adult lizards are constantly alert and ready to accept food at all times of day during the summer breeding season. These lizards are rarely satiated; in fact, stomachs are usually nearly empty. Adult male A. cristatellus that ate supplemental insect food (mealworms) for about a week in nature exhibited significant increases in lean growth with a pronounced enlargement of abdominal fat bodies and liver. Thus, the normal lack of fat reserves in these lizards during the breeding season is probably not a result of poor appetite or physiological inability to assimilate energy, but is due to the unavailability of sufficient food to allow such energy storage. In addition to their value for studying the seasonal fat cycle, it is suggested that techniques employed here may have general utility in studying the problem of food limitation and other saurian behavioral characteristics related to food supply in nature.

A population of the rock-inhabiting lizard, Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus, was studied over two activity seasons in the eastern Colorado foothills. The convex polygon method was used to determine home range and figures were adjusted to eliminate sample size bias. Ninety-seven lizards (53 8 and 44 9) were captured. On the basis of ten or more observations, resident adults (= 50 mm snout-vent length) had an average home-range size of 826 m2 for 12 males and 363 m2 for 9 females. Male home-range size decreased significantly after the breeding season. The large degree of male home-range overlap (52%) suggests that home range is not equal to territory in this population. A promiscuous mating system is implied from the overlap of male and female home ranges and from behavioral notes.

Telemetric heart rate measurement of a free ranging alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, indicates that submergence does not necessarily result in bradycardia. Pronounced bradycardia, typically from 31 to 2 bpm, resulted when the submerged alligator was approached by man. Attempts to induce bradycardia by human approach near a captive alligator, removed from the water, were unsuccessful. Nighttime activity of the free ranging animal involving short voluntary dives did not result in reduced heart rate.

Adult western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) at Foss Valley, Napa County, California, were parietalectomized and sham-operated in equal numbers in the fall of 1968, marked, and returned to places of capture. In the spring of 1969, following hibernation, behavior of the two surgical groups was noted for approximately two months and the animals were then sacrificed for study of the thyroid and gonads. Parietalectomized lizards of both sexes had more active thyroids, as measured by follicular epithelial cell height, than sham-operated ones. Parietalectomized females had heavier ovaries and higher ova counts than controls. No differences were found between the two groups in reproductive activity of males. Parietalectomized lizards of both sexes exposed themselves to sunlight more frequently than controls, which may explain the physiologic changes noted.

II. Order Ostariophysi. B. Suborder Siluroidea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)16:433-446. GREENWOOD, P. H., D. E. ROSEN, S H. WEITZMAN AND G. S. MYERS. 1966. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 131:339-456. PHILLIPS, J. B. 1942. Osteology of the sardine (Sardinops caerulea). J. Morph. 70:463-500. RETZIUS, G. 1881. Das Gehororgan des Wirbelthieres. I. Das Gehororgan der Fische und Amphibien. Samson & Wallin, Stockholm. SCHNEIDER, H. 1962. The labyrinth of two drumfish (Sciaenidae). Copeia 1962:336-338. SHEPHERD, C. E. 1910. The "asteriscus" in fishes. Zoologist 4, 14:57-62. STINTON, F. C. 1968. On the study of Tertiary fish otoliths. Mem. B. R. G. M., 58:153-162. TILAK, R. 1964. Studies on the comparative morphology of the otoliths of Indian siluroids. Zool. Anz. 173:183-201. WAAGE, K. M. 1968. The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ. 27. WEILER, W. 1963. Die Fischfauna des Tertiars in oberrheinischen Graben, des Mainzer Beckens, des unteren Maintals und der Wetterau, unter besonderer Berucksichtigung des Untermiozans. Abb. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 504:1-75. WEITZMAN, S. H. 1954. The osteology and the relationships of the South American characid fishes of the subfamily Gasteropelecinae. Stanford Ich. Bull. 4:213-263. . 1962. The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Ibid. 8:1-78.