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An encyclopedia entry for philosopher John Wyclif is presented. Wyclif was born in the early 1330s near Yorkshire, England. He held canonries and prebends in Westbury-on-Trym, Aust, Lincoln, Ludgershall and Lutterworth. He entered royal service some time before 1374 and was invited, in 1374, to take part on behalf of the king at a convention treating on clerical taxes and provisions.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Crispin Wright is presented. Wright was born on December 21, 1942 in Surrey, England. He is probably best known as a Wittgensteinian philosopher. His first book, Wittgenstein on the Foundations of Mathematics, was dense, disorganized and exhibited a prose style whose complexity and ungainliness drove many reviewers to despair.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher William Woodsworth is presented. Woodsworth was born in 1770 in Cumberland, England. He gained his political education in France, sympathizing first with the Jacobins and, after the Terror, with the Girondins. Determined to sort out his financial affairs, he returned to England in 1792 and found that his earlier obstinacy had alienated the support of his uncle.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Thomas Woolston is presented. Woolston was born in 1668 in Northampton, England and died on January 27, 1733 in London, England. Woolston sees a parallel between the influence of Christ over the Roman Emperor and the influence of Moses over Pharoah, convinced that the extensive propagation of a religion can only result from the support of a powerful leader.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Richard Arthur Wollheim is presented. Wollheim was born on May 5, 1923 in London, England and died on November 4, 2003. He was president of the British Society of Aesthetics from 1993, president of the Aristotelian Society and president of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft is presented. Wollstonecraft was born in 1759 in London, England and died on September 10, 1797. Wollstonecraft founded a school in 1748 with her sisters at Newington Green, the intellectual center of rational dissent. In 1790 she boldly entered the revolution debate with her political polemic, A Vindication of the Rights of Men.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher William Wollaston is presented. Wollaston was born on March 26, 1660 in Staffordshire, England and died on October 20, 1724. When the fortunes of Wollaston were transformed in 1688 by an unexpected inheritance from an uncle, he moved to London, England right away and married one year later, devoting himself after that to private study and refusing preferment

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein is presented. Wittgenstein was born on April 26, 1889 and died on April 29, 1951 in Cambridge, England. Wittgenstein came to England in 1908 to participate in experiments in aeronautics. He is highly regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of the century and possibly in the whole history of the philosophy of mathematics.

The article presents an encyclopedia entry for philosopher Arthur John Terence Wisdom. He was born on September 12, 1904 in London, England. His educational background is mentioned. An overview of his professional career in logical analysis is provided. His writing was always dominated by an obsession with the very nature of philosophy. He died in 1993.

The article presents an encyclopedia entry for philosopher Peter Winch. He was born on January 14, 1926 in London, England. His educational background is mentioned. Winch was a noted editor of "Analysis," a president of the Aristotelian Society, and president of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Society. He died in April 1997 in Illinois.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher John Wildman is presented. It discusses Wildman's family, educational and career background. He was born in Wremingham near Norwich, England in 1623. He died on June 2, 1693 and was buried in Shrivenham, Berkshire. It also provides information on several works done by Wildman.

The article presents an encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Bernard Arthur Owen Williams. He was born on September 21, 1929 in Westcliff, Essex in England. His educational background is mentioned. His work encompasses metaphysics, epistemology, the philosophy of mind and language, the philosophy of action, the philosophy of value and culture, the history of philosophy and the history of ideas. It describes his contribution to ethical philosophy. He died on June 10, 2003 in Rome, Italy.

The article presents an encyclopedia entry for philosopher William of Ockham. He was born between 1285 and 1287 in the village of Ockham, Surrey, south-west of London, England. His educational background is mentioned. Ockham wrote his Commentaries on Aristotle's "Organon" and "Physics" as well as his main philosophical work, the "Summa Logicae." He probably died in April 1347 in Munich, Germany.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher John Wilkins is presented. It discusses Wilkins' family, educational and career background. He was born in Northamptonshire, England in 1614 and died of suppression of the urine on November 19, 1672 during a visit to London. It also provides information on several works done by Wilkins.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher David Wiggins is presented. It discusses Wiggins' family, educational and career background. He was born in London, England on March 8, 1933. It also provides information on several works done by Wiggins, including the book "Sameness and Substance Renewed."

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead is presented. It discusses Whitehead's family, educational and career background. He was born in Ramsgate, England on February 15, 1861 and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on December 30, 1947. It also provides information on several works done by Whitehead.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Thomas White is presented. It discusses White's family, educational and career background. He was born in Essex, England in 1593 and died in 1676. It also provides information on several works done by White, including the book "The Middle State of Souls."

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Richard Whately is presented. It discusses Whately's family, educational and career background. He was born in London, England on February 1, 1787 and died in Dublin, Ireland on October 1, 1863. It also provides information on several works done by Whately.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher William Whewell is presented. It discusses Whewell's family, educational and career background. He was born in Lancaster, England on May 24, 1794 and died at Trinity College, Cambridge on March 6, 1866. It also provides information on several works done by Whewell.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Sidney Webb is presented. He was born in London, England, on July 13, 1859 and died at Passfield Corner on October 13, 1947. Webb stayed committed to a philosophy that he adopted while participating in the debating societies in London. He rejected religion and adopted an ethical positivism where the utilitarian concept of happiness was unpacked in terms of performing one's social duty in the service of humanity.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Clement Charles Julian Webb is presented. He was born in London, England, on June 25, 1865 and died in Oxford, England, on October 5, 1954. Webb was a student of J. Cook Wilson during the idealist phase of the latter. His early philosophical schooling was in the new idealism established by T. H. Green at Oxford. He modified British idealism through his extensive historical studies and by bringing it in contact with current thought.

An encyclopedia entry for Scottish philosopher John Watson is presented. We was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on February 25, 1847 and died in Kingston, Ontario, in Canada on January 26, 1939. He immediately became the most significant philosopher in Canada by developing his own brand of idealism, a philosophical movement connected with G. F. W. Hegel. The quest of Watson to resolve the antimonies of Immanuel Kant inspired the work "Christianity and Idealism."

An encyclopedia entry for British author and philosopher Helen Mary Warnock is presented. Warnock's education background is cited. The highlights of her career are detailed. Her contributions and achievements in the field of philosophy are discussed. Some of Warnock's works on philosophy are also cited.

An encyclopedia entry for author and philosopher Geoffrey James Warnock of Leeds, England is presented. His education background is cited. Warnock's work is primarily meta-ethical and his arguments are best understood against the background of his previous work on perception and the philosophy of language. The highlights of his career are also detailed.

An encyclopedia entry for British priest, philosopher and author William Warburton is presented. His education background is provided. The highlights of his career are detailed. Warburton's influential book "A Critical and Philosophical Enquiry Into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles" is also discussed.

The article focuses on the main uses of the concepts of war and peace in the history of British philosophy. The classic texts from the ancient Greeks and the medieval scholars that had a tremendous influence on British philosophers discussing war and peace during the Enlightenment are tackled. Warfare was conceived in terms of crusades and feats of chivalry during the Middle Ages. Contemporary debates in the philosophies of war and peace in British philosophy are also addressed.

An encyclopedia entry for author and philosopher William Henry Walsh is presented. His education background is provided. The highlights of his career are detailed. Walsh's contribution to the study of logic and metaphysics is discussed. His influential work "Introduction to the Philosophy of History" is also tackled.

An encyclopedia entry for Scottish philosopher Robert Wallace is presented. It discusses Wallace's family, educational and career background. He was born at Kincardine, Perthshire on January 7, 1697 and died on July 29, 1771. It also provides information on several works done by Wallace including the practical discourse "Characteristics of the Present Political State of Great Britain."

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Alfred Russel Wallace is presented. It discusses Wallace's family, educational and career background. He was born in the village of Usk in Monmouthshire, Wales on January 8, 1823 and died in Broadstone in Dorset, England on November 7, 1913. It also provides information on several works done by Wallace.

An encyclopedia entry for James Ussher is presented. The philosopher's contribution to Protestant apologetics was identified by the high value he placed on discovering, editing and printing original documents. Most biographers agreed that his intellectual passion was affected by works he read while he was still studying.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "Universals," is presented. Aristotle argues that universals refers to the words such as human, which can be predicated of multiple subjects. However, some famous philosophers suggests that universals are not merely words but are real entities which have some kind of common being.

An encyclopedia entry for John Tyndall is presented. He believed that the universe was fundamentally mysterious. As compared to other intelligent, ambitious, self-improving young men, he sought to enhance his knowledge and participate in intellectual culture. The philosopher followed the Romantic idealist split of mind from heart, intellect from emotion.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Abraham Tucker is presented. Tucker was born in London, England. He studied at Merton College in Oxford, England. He concentrated on philosophy after his wife died. His philosophical writings include "The Light of Nature Pursued," and "Freewill, Foreknowledge and Fate: A Fragment."

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Stephen Edelston Toulmin is presented. Toulmin was in London, England. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts at King's College in Cambridge, England. He received his Master of Arts and philosophy degree at Cambridge University. He was interested in the nature of rationality.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher John Toland is presented. Toland was born in County Donegal, Ireland. He studied at Glasgow University and at Edinburgh University. He was later acquainted with the latitudinarian approach to Scripture. He became a dissenter and devoted his life to writing focusing on Christianity. He published several works, including "Christianity not Mysterious."

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Matthew Tindal is presented. Tindal was born at Bere Ferris in Devon, England. He studied at the University of Oxford. After graduation, he was appointed to a Law Fellowship at All Souls College. He was converted to Catholicism but later returned to the Church of England. He was denounced several times for his religious skepticism. One of his literary works is "An Essay Concerning the Laws of Nations."

An encyclopedia entry for William Thompson is presented. Born in Cork, Ireland, he has a role in developing the 19th-century British cooperative movement. Thompson acquired knowledge through the works of philosophers especially those of Jeremy Bentham. Most of his works focus on a proposed philosophy of social science that aims to search for human happiness.

An encyclopedia entry for Frederick Robert Tennant is presented. He took a course on natural science at Caius College in Cambridge, England. His works in philosophy are greatly influenced by his knowledge in science and by philosopher James Ward. In 1894, he was ordained as a priest. His most significant work is "Philosophical Theology" which says that people are aware of themselves.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Charles Margrave Taylor is presented. This entry contains the place and date of his birth, his educational attainment, and his degrees and career. This is followed by his writings, with a critical account of his thought. His work covers psychological behaviorism, consciousness, and logic. This entry ends with a bibliography that provides his philosophical publications.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher James Sully is presented. This entry includes the place and date of his birth, his educational attainment, his degrees and career, and the place and date of his death. This is followed by his writings, with a critical account of his thought. His work covers the significance of evolution for psychology, German psychology, free will, and aesthetics. This entry concludes with a bibliography that offers his philosophical publications.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Peter Frederick Strawson is presented. He has contributed to logic, the philosophy of logic, the philosophy of language and moral philosophy. Scholars have indicated that Strawson is a philosopher of the highest order. He viewed one of the central projects of philosophy as explicating the massive central core of human thinking which has no history.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher George Frederick Stout is presented. He published several articles on psychology, the scope and method of psychology and the nature of psychological states. These articles suggested the themes that would dominate his work across the years. In "Manual of Psychology," he focused upon the discernment and explanation of the stages of development of the individual mind.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher James Hutchinson Stirling is presented. He realized that a knowledge of German was required for his philosophical ambitions. His book "Secret of Hegel" is complex and as demanding as the original it seeks to explain. He decided to apply for the vacated Chair of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University but was defeated.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Edward Stillingfleet is presented. His second book "Origines sacrae" established his reputation. He was granted licenses to preach and became known for the power of his sermons. He became Bishop of Worcester and made London his home. His writings deal in some way with religion.

An encyclopedia entry for philosopher Dugald Stewart is presented. He was an eclectic philosopher who learned from modern English and French philosophy as well as from domestic Scots traditions. The philosophical basis of his endeavours came from common sense philosophy. He believes that the mind is not observable through introspection as an entity.

A biographical entry for British philosopher Leslie Stephen is presented. He was born on November 28, 1832 and died on February 22, 1904, in London, England. His family and educational background are discussed. In addition to writing literary essays, criticism, and biographies, he also wrote "Wordsworth's Ethics," and his masterly "History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century." His philosophical essays, charged with emotion, are passionate critiques of orthodox theological doctrines and issues.

A biographical entry for British philosopher James Fitzjames Stephen is presented. He was born on March 5, 1829 in Kensington, England, and died on March 11, 1894 in Ipswich. His educational background is discussed. Stephen's most philosophical works include "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" and "Horae Sabbaticae." He was influenced by the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's "A System of Logic," but believed that it was flawed because it paid little attention to the empirical matters of human nature.

A biographical entry for British philosopher Walter Terence Stace is presented. Stance was born on November 17, 1886 in London, England, and died on August 2, 1967 in California. His educational background is discussed. Stace, a prolific philosopher and authoring 14 books, described his political beliefs as liberal. His theoretical works include "The Theory of Knowledge and Existence" and "The Nature of the World: An Essay in Phenomenalist Metaphysics."

A biographical entry for British philosopher Herbert Spencer is presented. Spencer was born on April 27, 1820 in Derby, England, and died on December 8, 1903, in Brighton. His family and educational background is discussed. His early interests were in moral and political philosophy, and his "System of Synthetic Philosophy" envisaged the successive treatment of biology, sociology, morality and psychology from an evolutionary standpoint.

An encyclopedia entry for British philosopher Adam Smith is presented. He was baptized on June 5, 1723 at Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland and died on June 17, 1790 in Edinburgh. He was educated at the Burgh School of Kirkcaldy and Glasgow College. His lectures on moral philosophy at Glasgow has resulted to the creation of his first book "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."