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This paper develops and explains step by step how a company used lean accounting tools to identify cost savings and how these savings are integrated into a project investment evaluation. Little is known about the use of lean accounting tools in small and medium-sized companies operating in regional economies of Latin America, and this study is designed to continue expanding our knowledge of the subject. The tool used is value stream mapping and it is shown how it allows to identify cost savings, which is the first stage to calculate the recurring cash flows that is a critical building block of traditional project evaluation tools. This study is based on a real case that links aspects of production method and improvements applying lean manufacturing and financial indicators of the project. The development of the investment project allowed the company under study to improve delivery times, operation safety, production stability, process automation and increase the overall processing capacity of the plant. It also made visible sources of inefficiency in the current process that impacted parts handling, operating costs, rework, and direct labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relevance that Small and Medium Enterprises [SMEs] have in the growth of a country, therefore the objective of the work is to analyze the accounting regulatory alternatives that countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Mexico, and some basic aspects of Chile, Bolivia and Brazil have assumed in the process of adoption of IFRS for SMEs; for this purpose a qualitative methodology is used, based on a documentary review and focused on accounting for the common and recurrent problems of the convergence process. As a result of the respective content analysis of the documents found, the following categories of the problems encountered are established: effects of the convergence process on the users of financial information and decision making, asymmetries in the accounting treatment in the IFRS for SMEs, costs in the generation of information, and, some demographic and particular aspects. Finally, the alternatives of accounting regulation for SMEs that have been developed in some Latin American countries are collected, finding that some countries have adopted IFRS for SMEs, such as Colombia, others allow IFRS for SMEs on a voluntary basis, such as Argentina; Mexico has local standards and Brazil opted for convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through descriptive and econometric analysis, this paper examines the conceptualization and effect generated by the tax rate of Income Tax on the profitability of companies. First, applying a descriptive-analytical methodology, the conceptualization of the factors that affect the tax rate and its behavior over time was verified. On the other hand, to measure the impact of the income tax rate on profitability, a company from the agrobiotechnology sector listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange was used during 1993-2018. Among the outstanding findings, in the case of Mexico, the corporate rate is a standard tax rate whose behavior presented minor changes throughout the period studied. Nevertheless, the results of the empirical tests allow us to affirm that the rate has a significant influence on the business profitability of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 30 years of commercial relations between Colombia and Peru within the framework of their different integration processes, this article aimed to analyze the Colombian companies that boost bilateral trade with Peru. The study reveals the companies and the main goods traded, the study was developed from the theoretical perspective of economic integration and the concept of South-South trade, through a predominantly quantitative method, with 300,692 data obtained from the interface of the National Statistical System (SEN) fed by the Tax and Customs Directorate Nationals (DIAN) during the last 5 years, 24,651 export operations and 18,305 import operations were obtained. Within the findings, the Colombian companies that export the most, those that import the most, and those with the highest volume of trade are categorized. The industry with the highest business participation is the hygiene and personal care sector, which ranks 5 companies out of the 10 with the highest commercial volume with significant exchanges in essential oils, chemical preparations, plastic, and paper manufactures. Regarding their size, it was found that 100% They are large multinational companies, with more than 50 years in the market. Of the 10 most representative companies: 2 are Colombian, 2 Peruvian, 4 American and 2 European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the incidence in our country of the recommendations provided by the OECD in its Guide on the implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on transfer pricing Guidance on the transfer pricing implications of the COVID-19 pandemic published on December 18, 2020 and which represents the consensus perspective of the more than 137 members of the BEPS Inclusive Framework, among which is Peru, regarding the application of the arm's length principle for problems generated or exacerbated by the pandemic. In particular, the problem of comparability analysis is evaluated in a scenario of lack of comparable transactions and companies in the 2020 and subsequent years affected by the pandemic. Likewise, the issue of losses is addressed from two perspectives, those as a comparable result and the generation of losses in business models with limited risk. It is concluded that several of the measures recommended by the Inclusive Framework can be materialized through the flexibility and openness of the Tax Administration in audits; however, allowing the modification of the transfer pricing analysis reflected in the Local Report based on information of comparable companies obtained later requires the issuance of a legal norm that does not condition the rectifying return to the verification of SUNAT and temporarily avoid the application of infractions and sanctions for the declaration of false data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 caused a worldwide paralysis. An asynchronous study among executive officers was developed, using the qualitative Delphi method, during the confinement stage, by a couple of companies, one from Colombia, another from Spain. Participants were human resources and marketing managers (some of them working in both areas) of large companies, SMEs, non-profit organizations, and professional unions, located in both countries. A forecast of expected changes in interpersonal relationships was the main objective of the study; however, as participants broadened the debate, topics related to administrative functions emerged. This paper focuses in the latter. Administrative planning was the most affected function by the pandemic. Organizational arranges like telecommuting became more common, their interaction and control difficulties raise concerns among directors. Strengthening trust and communication bonds is important. Decision making process was faster during the quarantine period, it is a lesson learned by the participants. Increased empathy to the personal necessities and functionality prevalence in the performance of administrative tasks are both in the future expected by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of IT companies in early stages is interesting given that at this stage they do not have sufficient financial information, in addition to containing a high participation of intangibles. This makes it difficult to obtain investment since valuation methods based on financial information are difficult to apply. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify which are the main variables that influence the contributions of capital to be received by entrepreneurs in startups in the technology sector in Uruguay. The methodology used is based on a non-experimental research of a qualitative and exploratory nature. The main variables taken into account by investors are identified through in-depth interviews, conducted with some market referents in order to explore the answers obtained in eight startup companies in Uruguay. As a result, relevant variables for investors when investing in IT companies are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advance of technology and the massification of Internet, the use of this platform has become a key element for the financial market and other users of financial and non-financial information. The objective of this paper is to determine the degree of disclosure of corporate information on their corporate websites studying a sample of companies listed on the Chilean and Peruvian securities markets. The research analyzes a sample composed by 63 companies, 33 Chilean companies and 30 Peruvian companies, using 48 variables distributed in 5 dimensions: Accountability, Company and Strategy, Financial Analysis, Transparency and Usability. The evaluation is measured through an index. The results show concern for presenting financial information; however, they do not reveal significant voluntary aspects, such as those related to social and environmental responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to develop an analysis that shows the divergent perspectives arising from the differences between the treatment established under the concept of Social Responsibility and the concept of Social Audit in the measurement, recognition and disclosure of social and environmental elements in business practices. Thus, the main differences that arise from the application of both approaches, noting the need for the firm should report on their social responsibility in such a way that is broader and more transparent to the society where they operate and interact in financial, social and environmental terms. Hence, this article reviews the work of Kreps to be a comprehensive overview of the usefulness of their methodology as a control mechanism of social responsibility of companies. For this purpose, this paper shows the study of Theodore J. Kreps that was the first academic research that applied the social audit methodology. Hence, this article develops a review of the Kreps' research was developed to be a comprehensive overview of the usefulness of his approach as a mechanism for control of firm's Social Responsibility. The results show that the contribution of Kreps is to propose a methodology that represents a structured communication process by independent agents that are outside the area of influence of business. This means a contribution to the literature because the model proposed by Kreps, unlike traditional Social Responsibility reports (made internal from the inner sphere of companies), is developing from the external environment, promoting collaboration with other firms and economic agents sharing resources and thus providing social benefits for the entire community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper justified, theoretically, the interest to conduct a comprehensive study from a gender perspective on the design, presentation and perception of the Management Accounting and Control Systems (MACS). As a first step toward this goal, the main objective of this paper is to identify gender-related aspects present in accounting journals over the past four decades. In this work were registered 74 studies published in 10 impact journals in accounting between 1983 and the first half of 2013. The review includes an analysis of the research topic, the sector, the theoretical framework, methodology, data analysis technique and a description of the elements addressed gender. The results shows the current status of this perspective in accounting research and allows to identify gaps and opportunities for developing future works on the accounting environment and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a measurement of formal harmonization between the regulatory Framework applicable to Government Entities and the International Public-Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). For this purpose, the methodology of Euclidean distances is used, a statistical tool that consists of comparing and assigning a numerical score to the divergences and coincidences presented between alternative accounting principles and treatments. It's concluded that, despite of the advances in the convergence strategy implemented by the Contaduría General de la Nación (CGN), the entity standard-setting of public sector accounting in Colombia, there are still differences from the normative-technical point of view, which can diminish the potential benefits of a parity process with standards international of general acceptance, especially, the comparability of governmental financial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will resume the main differences between the application of IFRS 9 «Financial Instruments» to be imperatively implemented in Peru since the commencement of the exercise 2018 with regards to the current IAS 39 «Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement», focusing in the classification and measurement of financial assets. Furthermore, a practical analysis will be applied to financial instruments in the investment banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the factors associated with the competitive success of MSMEs in Peru. A qualitative research was carried out with a sample of 94 companies with more than 5 employees. Factors for competitive success are studied from the perspective of the resource-based theory. Results show that MSMEs that develop a more complete management control system and have more efficient human resources practices have a better chance to succeed in a competitive market. These results are especially useful for MSMEs managers and governmental directors in order to promote and design strategies and policies that promote the growth and competitiveness of MSMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an estimation of efficient frontiers for investment portfolios, they include stocks from Lima Stock Exchange General Index, Dow Jones Industrial Average, Gold, Cooper, Fixed Income Instruments of Peruvian government and savings in Peruvian financial institutions. The paper concludes that risk of investment in local portfolio reduces as a consequence of diversification, gold is an important asset and contributes to reduce portfolio risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to make a satisfaction model of women entrepreneurs assuming that the level of satisfaction will make their companies more successful. We carried out a survey of women entrepreneurs and analyzed the satisfaction level using a structural equation model. Results showed that, in general, women entrepreneurs are quite satisfied with their job. Furthermore, these results led us to conclude that to achieve greater success, women entrepreneurs should build a business in which they are trained, in a sector where they have expertise and where they find good business opportunities, a market niche with competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new methodology for selecting a pension fund base on the probability of loss for its customers. The methodology includes the historical performance of the portfolio between, March 2006 and May 2013, and projects its profitability either to maturity or to the customer's retirement age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspects such as the growing importance of teamwork and the emergence of new organizational schemes based on information and communication technologies highlight the need for understanding the mechanisms that promote effective leadership. In this sense, this paper analyzes the determinants of perceived risk and trust on a team leader. The research consists of two experiments. The first analyzes the influence of working environment--virtual or traditional--on the two dependent variables considered. The second experiment focuses on the virtual environment and analyzes the importance of the inclusion of a photo on the electronic leader's profile in order to generate trust. Moreover, it analyzes the impact of perceived leader traits (attractive or expert) on the ability to build trust and the perception of risk. It should be noted that these analyzes are contextualized in the initial stage of team development, poorly studied in the literature. Among others, the results reveal the greater difficulty of building trust in virtual environments, as well as the relevance of including graphical information on the profile and that the leader with expert traits has the greatest potential to build trust. These results have interesting managerial implications, which are discussed along with the main future research lines and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest of this paper is based on presenting the importance of educational instruction today, in general and in particular the accounting career. This, it should be noted, is part of the development trends of cognitive skills, instrumental skills and values that a person must acquire during the education period at a higher educational institution, which will allow the graduate to be competent to begin the professional practice. The complexity that is involved in the public accountant career in both their education based on international standards like the attributes to be displayed in the quality of performance, has forced higher education experts to guide new ways of undertaking the education strategy. This is accomplished through the adoption of models consistent with the demands of society and the employment market. Of these, competencies education is one of the models that best contribute to the learning process, allowing at the potential accounting professional to develop skills, abilities and attitudes needed to join into the labor market successfully. In this sense, the college, university, or an academic unit faculty, school, program) - they decided to adopt, provide and ensure competencies education, must do according to the guidelines proposed for teaching methodologies, social responsibility and the business world. Similarly, should be based on participatory action committed by students and teachers, and the respect for human values. Within this scheme, it must prioritize the humanistic education of the person in their professional projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IFRS for SMEs is of the size of its scope, a key player in the international accounting harmonization process. After a brief reference to the IASB's role in this process, this paper makes a description of the steps followed for the issuance of IFRS for SMEs and their relevant characteristics, to continue with a comparative analysis of the main differences with full IFRS. Finally, the document contains some reflections related to the practical difficulties facing the process of implementing international standards and possible solutions, according to the author, be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new economy, intangible assets have become the main creators of value to many firms. However, the valuation of these assets in the accounting framework raises several issues with respect to identification, measurement and control. In this paper the valuation, measurement and recognition of intangible assets and their impact on the financial statements are presented, analyzing the asymmetry in the allocation of resources in the equity market, the growth of investments in intangible assets and the market value of the digital economy. In a group of uruguayan companies arriving at a set of initial findings for the cases. We understand the need to review and amend the rules for the treatment of intangibles, seeking to integrate more sophisticated in IT. We also understand that the rules should provide more detailed guidance on disclosure for intangible and costs-benefits for companies (from the perspective of the capital market and investors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IFRS for SMEs is of the size of its scope, a key player in the international accounting harmonization process. After a brief reference to the IASB's role in this process, this paper makes a description of the steps followed for the issuance of IFRS for SMEs and their relevant characteristics, to continue with a comparative analysis of the main differences with full IFRS. Finally, the document contains some reflections related to the practical difficulties facing the process of implementing international standards and possible solutions, according to the author, be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspects such as the growing importance of teamwork and the emergence of new organizational schemes based on information and communication technologies highlight the need for understanding the mechanisms that promote effective leadership. In this sense, this paper analyzes the determinants of perceived risk and trust on a team leader. The research consists of two experiments. The first analyzes the influence of working environment--virtual or traditional--on the two dependent variables considered. The second experiment focuses on the virtual environment and analyzes the importance of the inclusion of a photo on the electronic leader's profile in order to generate trust. Moreover, it analyzes the impact of perceived leader traits (attractive or expert) on the ability to build trust and the perception of risk. It should be noted that these analyzes are contextualized in the initial stage of team development, poorly studied in the literature. Among others, the results reveal the greater difficulty of building trust in virtual environments, as well as the relevance of including graphical information on the profile and that the leader with expert traits has the greatest potential to build trust. These results have interesting managerial implications, which are discussed along with the main future research lines and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest of this paper is based on presenting the importance of educational instruction today, in general and in particular the accounting career. This, it should be noted, is part of the development trends of cognitive skills, instrumental skills and values that a person must acquire during the education period at a higher educational institution, which will allow the graduate to be competent to begin the professional practice. The complexity that is involved in the public accountant career in both their education based on international standards like the attributes to be displayed in the quality of performance, has forced higher education experts to guide new ways of undertaking the education strategy. This is accomplished through the adoption of models consistent with the demands of society and the employment market. Of these, competencies education is one of the models that best contribute to the learning process, allowing at the potential accounting professional to develop skills, abilities and attitudes needed to join into the labor market successfully. In this sense, the college, university, or an academic unit faculty, school, program) - they decided to adopt, provide and ensure competencies education, must do according to the guidelines proposed for teaching methodologies, social responsibility and the business world. Similarly, should be based on participatory action committed by students and teachers, and the respect for human values. Within this scheme, it must prioritize the humanistic education of the person in their professional projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new economy, intangible assets have become the main creators of value to many firms. However, the valuation of these assets in the accounting framework raises several issues with respect to identification, measurement and control. In this paper the valuation, measurement and recognition of intangible assets and their impact on the financial statements are presented, analyzing the asymmetry in the allocation of resources in the equity market, the growth of investments in intangible assets and the market value of the digital economy. In a group of uruguayan companies arriving at a set of initial findings for the cases. We understand the need to review and amend the rules for the treatment of intangibles, seeking to integrate more sophisticated in IT. We also understand that the rules should provide more detailed guidance on disclosure for intangible and costs-benefits for companies (from the perspective of the capital market and investors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today organizations are pressured by different types of audiences to show responsibility in their actions towards society. The goal of the company must be an end to reconcile economic social and environmental elements in order to avoid inequalities that globalization is generating. This paper presents a theoretical review that examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and poverty in order to determine whether socially responsible practices can be a means to alleviate poverty in Latin America. It analyzes the successful experience of four companies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way to perceive and understand the level of development of environmental accounting is to study the main features of its publications. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the profile of Spanish publications in accounting journals. To this end, 15 journals were selected and analyzed 74 articles in the period 2001 to 2010. The results show that the peak years of publication are 2001, 2003 and 2006, and authors with more articles in the sample are Moneva Abadía, Larrinaga González, Fernández Cuesta and Archel Domench. In terms of methodology, the works of review, case studies and content analysis, addressing standardization issues, fundamentals of environmental accounting, environmental sustainability indicators and reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses on how to set fixed contributions for a given objective of a private pension plan, by using two traditional financial models such as annuities and perpetuities. The private pension plan has two components: (i) the contributions' plan on a monthly basis (annuity), and (ii) the pension plan on a monthly basis (perpetuity). The document focuses on the relationship between the size to the contribution and the pension fund returns. The document covers the Peruvian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attempt to answer the title of this article frames the analysis of the concept of control as a key role of the management, which any entity applies in pursuit of its institutional fulfillment. The control intervention in the development of the activities carried out by organizations to achieve the planned objectives of economic, social or political order constitutes its core business, as it seeks to ensure that those activities--operations and processes--are conducted safely, continuous and reliable. This applies both to those who constitute the organization and those who have expectations of management efficiency and the effectiveness of the expected results. In this paper, on the one hand, we propose to revise the control concept and its application in the exercise of monitoring the management performance; on the other hand, we seek to show how control should be managed to achieve efficient and effective results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to set a comparative point of view for the development process within four countries. In this case development is understood in a wide sense far from a merely growth and per capita income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel to the social and economic situation, where the experience economy is a reality, new tourist typologies are emerging in line with this demand experiential. Tourists are looking for sensations and emotions, so tourism sector has diversified its offer adapting to this desire. Active tourism appears, mode belonging to a larger field, nature tourism, a booming tourist type today by the increase of tourists interested in its activities. Therefore, this paper takes from this concept to below detail the types that are part of it, and finally it does an analysis of the active tourism offer of the Spanish territory, territory that is appropriate for this type of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutual funds and pension funds are the most important investment products in Spain. Nonetheless, it should not be confused with each other, or take them as equivalent; since the latter have also the characteristic of a long-term savings product, in order to obtain additional funds for retirement. These differences may influence the investor when deciding on one of these instruments, but also the manager, developing different management strategies. Therefore, on this paper we examine the main magnitudes of both markets in Spain. Moreover, we analyze the performance of two Spanish fund samples (one with global equity mutual funds and another with global equity pension funds) with the purpose of showing if their performance is efficient, and if there are differences on their management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper examines the part-time work in Metropolitan Lima in 2008. The overall objective is to identify the determinants of the incidence of part-time work in Lima. We worked with one Probit econometric model, measured by the National Survey of Households (NSH), which explores the job characteristics of people. This will determine the presence of part-time workers in the areas of trade, health, education and communication; also realized that this group has completed university studies and incomplete, and the woman has a probability of 83,11397% more than men of working part time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly integrated global business arena, local singularities still play a crucial role in many aspects. Business ethics is affected by this duality in profound ways. Legislators have tried to provide uniform ethical guidelines for transnational companies. In this effort to streamline the ethical management of the multinational corporation, regulation could be thought of as an attempt to reduce the role of the leader. We argue that this solution mistakenly presumes a high degree of uniformity across countries. In this paper, we consider how different legal traditions can be used to explain the divergences in implementation and configuration of ethics hotlines. We find that although national regulators established a legal standard (Sarbanes Oxley Act) for global companies, significant differences exist across legal traditions, which sometimes go even deeper, to region and country specific nuances. Legal regulation may never substitute a leader in ethical matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, the number of local public utilities has experienced a significant increase in Europe. The provision of public services by means of this type of companies requires municipalities to establish different forms of control and regulation in order to align economic and social interests. This paper analyses the Spanish system of local public utilities from the point of view of the characteristics of the governance style applied by municipalities to steer and monitor the activities. The results evidence that, among other things, the percentage of equity participation influences on the mechanisms adopted by local authorities to apply external control on public utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims of the formation, related theoretically to the performance of human resources, self-training, information and effectiveness, have been identified as the amount in which the company goes further from knowledge to learning. In this paper three hypotheses applied to the Spanish aquaculture are proposed to model the differential aim follow-up and the achievements of the formation plans. The empirical analysis has been carried out with the data of 99 representative companies of the aquaculture sector. The SPSS 19 statistical program was used for the data analysis. A factor analysis was made by the method of principal components. Eighteen nonparametric tests of Kruskal-Wallis type were applied, as well as 36 chi-squared tests. As a result, three principal components were identified that explain 80% of the variance of the aims: the first one refers to policies of implication of human resources, the second one is related to objective circumstances and the third one is associated to dynamism. It was confirmed that the relevance of aims is proportional to the percentage of expense in formation and, specifically, it is greater in suppliers. Finally, significant differences in the results of the formation with respect to the reduction of errors were observed, this reduction being greater in fish distribution and production. Significant differences were also observed in the effect of the formation on the motivation of the employee, this being greater in fish suppliers and producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an exploration of major traded derivative instruments in Chile, the interest rate swaps, and most commonly used valuation methods, addressing financial risk management in the context of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We analyze the requirements for adopting hedge accounting, particularly with regard to evidence of effectiveness, and discuss particular aspects of the Chilean case that companies must face the time to prove the validity of contracts and contract coverage. The study's findings suggest that the local market still has problems of efficiency and availability of information to (i) properly manage financial risks and (ii) demonstrate the effectiveness of hedges under IFRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to show that the problem is not in the model itself but in the mismanagement of the prescribed policies. Despite their different social and economical structures, Argentina and Peru faced similar problems during the same period (1990-2000): a hyperinflation in the beginning and an institutional crisis at the end. After several years of economic recovery, Argentina faced a big political and economic crisis and after blaming to the so-called «neoliberal policy», reverses her policy. Actually Peru has better perspectives and Argentina has a collapse in perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the knowledge-based economy, the wealth creation is associated with the development and maintenance of competitive advantages based on intangible elements. Faced with this growing strategic importance of intangibles, it seems necessary that companies disclosure information on those elements. However, although companies disclosure information increasingly on a voluntary basis, they are still many which merely comply with legal requirements, omitting highly relevant information on their intangible resources. The objective of this paper is to have data on what level of interest in providing this information by Spanish companies. Therefore, a review of the most important literature about intangibles disclosure in Spanish companies is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the perceptions of justice and the employees' reactions in relation to the process of performance evaluation from a theoretical perspective. From the bibliographical review , we can conclude that the employees see justice in the performance evaluation when they observe certain conditions identified in the theory and they make possible a real validation of this procedure with the following adoption of positive behaviours stated in the objectives of the organization. Nevertheless, it is possible to improve the different aspects of the performance process in every company and also improve the justice perception as well as the level of reactions, because each of them is related to a type of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery industry is a big water resources pollutant in Colombia. By this, a bigger environmental responsibility has on waters resources pollution in the country. This paper presents a methodological proposal to implement a Corporate Social Responsibility methodology for Colombian Tannery Industry. In this case, Donna Wood's theory, environmental impact, economic valuation of environmental quality, and citizen participation are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]