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This paper develops and explains step by step how a company used lean accounting tools to identify cost savings and how these savings are integrated into a project investment evaluation. Little is known about the use of lean accounting tools in small and medium-sized companies operating in regional economies of Latin America, and this study is designed to continue expanding our knowledge of the subject. The tool used is value stream mapping and it is shown how it allows to identify cost savings, which is the first stage to calculate the recurring cash flows that is a critical building block of traditional project evaluation tools. This study is based on a real case that links aspects of production method and improvements applying lean manufacturing and financial indicators of the project. The development of the investment project allowed the company under study to improve delivery times, operation safety, production stability, process automation and increase the overall processing capacity of the plant. It also made visible sources of inefficiency in the current process that impacted parts handling, operating costs, rework, and direct labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relevance that Small and Medium Enterprises [SMEs] have in the growth of a country, therefore the objective of the work is to analyze the accounting regulatory alternatives that countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Mexico, and some basic aspects of Chile, Bolivia and Brazil have assumed in the process of adoption of IFRS for SMEs; for this purpose a qualitative methodology is used, based on a documentary review and focused on accounting for the common and recurrent problems of the convergence process. As a result of the respective content analysis of the documents found, the following categories of the problems encountered are established: effects of the convergence process on the users of financial information and decision making, asymmetries in the accounting treatment in the IFRS for SMEs, costs in the generation of information, and, some demographic and particular aspects. Finally, the alternatives of accounting regulation for SMEs that have been developed in some Latin American countries are collected, finding that some countries have adopted IFRS for SMEs, such as Colombia, others allow IFRS for SMEs on a voluntary basis, such as Argentina; Mexico has local standards and Brazil opted for convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through descriptive and econometric analysis, this paper examines the conceptualization and effect generated by the tax rate of Income Tax on the profitability of companies. First, applying a descriptive-analytical methodology, the conceptualization of the factors that affect the tax rate and its behavior over time was verified. On the other hand, to measure the impact of the income tax rate on profitability, a company from the agrobiotechnology sector listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange was used during 1993-2018. Among the outstanding findings, in the case of Mexico, the corporate rate is a standard tax rate whose behavior presented minor changes throughout the period studied. Nevertheless, the results of the empirical tests allow us to affirm that the rate has a significant influence on the business profitability of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 30 years of commercial relations between Colombia and Peru within the framework of their different integration processes, this article aimed to analyze the Colombian companies that boost bilateral trade with Peru. The study reveals the companies and the main goods traded, the study was developed from the theoretical perspective of economic integration and the concept of South-South trade, through a predominantly quantitative method, with 300,692 data obtained from the interface of the National Statistical System (SEN) fed by the Tax and Customs Directorate Nationals (DIAN) during the last 5 years, 24,651 export operations and 18,305 import operations were obtained. Within the findings, the Colombian companies that export the most, those that import the most, and those with the highest volume of trade are categorized. The industry with the highest business participation is the hygiene and personal care sector, which ranks 5 companies out of the 10 with the highest commercial volume with significant exchanges in essential oils, chemical preparations, plastic, and paper manufactures. Regarding their size, it was found that 100% They are large multinational companies, with more than 50 years in the market. Of the 10 most representative companies: 2 are Colombian, 2 Peruvian, 4 American and 2 European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the incidence in our country of the recommendations provided by the OECD in its Guide on the implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on transfer pricing Guidance on the transfer pricing implications of the COVID-19 pandemic published on December 18, 2020 and which represents the consensus perspective of the more than 137 members of the BEPS Inclusive Framework, among which is Peru, regarding the application of the arm's length principle for problems generated or exacerbated by the pandemic. In particular, the problem of comparability analysis is evaluated in a scenario of lack of comparable transactions and companies in the 2020 and subsequent years affected by the pandemic. Likewise, the issue of losses is addressed from two perspectives, those as a comparable result and the generation of losses in business models with limited risk. It is concluded that several of the measures recommended by the Inclusive Framework can be materialized through the flexibility and openness of the Tax Administration in audits; however, allowing the modification of the transfer pricing analysis reflected in the Local Report based on information of comparable companies obtained later requires the issuance of a legal norm that does not condition the rectifying return to the verification of SUNAT and temporarily avoid the application of infractions and sanctions for the declaration of false data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 caused a worldwide paralysis. An asynchronous study among executive officers was developed, using the qualitative Delphi method, during the confinement stage, by a couple of companies, one from Colombia, another from Spain. Participants were human resources and marketing managers (some of them working in both areas) of large companies, SMEs, non-profit organizations, and professional unions, located in both countries. A forecast of expected changes in interpersonal relationships was the main objective of the study; however, as participants broadened the debate, topics related to administrative functions emerged. This paper focuses in the latter. Administrative planning was the most affected function by the pandemic. Organizational arranges like telecommuting became more common, their interaction and control difficulties raise concerns among directors. Strengthening trust and communication bonds is important. Decision making process was faster during the quarantine period, it is a lesson learned by the participants. Increased empathy to the personal necessities and functionality prevalence in the performance of administrative tasks are both in the future expected by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of IT companies in early stages is interesting given that at this stage they do not have sufficient financial information, in addition to containing a high participation of intangibles. This makes it difficult to obtain investment since valuation methods based on financial information are difficult to apply. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify which are the main variables that influence the contributions of capital to be received by entrepreneurs in startups in the technology sector in Uruguay. The methodology used is based on a non-experimental research of a qualitative and exploratory nature. The main variables taken into account by investors are identified through in-depth interviews, conducted with some market referents in order to explore the answers obtained in eight startup companies in Uruguay. As a result, relevant variables for investors when investing in IT companies are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advance of technology and the massification of Internet, the use of this platform has become a key element for the financial market and other users of financial and non-financial information. The objective of this paper is to determine the degree of disclosure of corporate information on their corporate websites studying a sample of companies listed on the Chilean and Peruvian securities markets. The research analyzes a sample composed by 63 companies, 33 Chilean companies and 30 Peruvian companies, using 48 variables distributed in 5 dimensions: Accountability, Company and Strategy, Financial Analysis, Transparency and Usability. The evaluation is measured through an index. The results show concern for presenting financial information; however, they do not reveal significant voluntary aspects, such as those related to social and environmental responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to develop an analysis that shows the divergent perspectives arising from the differences between the treatment established under the concept of Social Responsibility and the concept of Social Audit in the measurement, recognition and disclosure of social and environmental elements in business practices. Thus, the main differences that arise from the application of both approaches, noting the need for the firm should report on their social responsibility in such a way that is broader and more transparent to the society where they operate and interact in financial, social and environmental terms. Hence, this article reviews the work of Kreps to be a comprehensive overview of the usefulness of their methodology as a control mechanism of social responsibility of companies. For this purpose, this paper shows the study of Theodore J. Kreps that was the first academic research that applied the social audit methodology. Hence, this article develops a review of the Kreps' research was developed to be a comprehensive overview of the usefulness of his approach as a mechanism for control of firm's Social Responsibility. The results show that the contribution of Kreps is to propose a methodology that represents a structured communication process by independent agents that are outside the area of influence of business. This means a contribution to the literature because the model proposed by Kreps, unlike traditional Social Responsibility reports (made internal from the inner sphere of companies), is developing from the external environment, promoting collaboration with other firms and economic agents sharing resources and thus providing social benefits for the entire community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper justified, theoretically, the interest to conduct a comprehensive study from a gender perspective on the design, presentation and perception of the Management Accounting and Control Systems (MACS). As a first step toward this goal, the main objective of this paper is to identify gender-related aspects present in accounting journals over the past four decades. In this work were registered 74 studies published in 10 impact journals in accounting between 1983 and the first half of 2013. The review includes an analysis of the research topic, the sector, the theoretical framework, methodology, data analysis technique and a description of the elements addressed gender. The results shows the current status of this perspective in accounting research and allows to identify gaps and opportunities for developing future works on the accounting environment and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a measurement of formal harmonization between the regulatory Framework applicable to Government Entities and the International Public-Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). For this purpose, the methodology of Euclidean distances is used, a statistical tool that consists of comparing and assigning a numerical score to the divergences and coincidences presented between alternative accounting principles and treatments. It's concluded that, despite of the advances in the convergence strategy implemented by the Contaduría General de la Nación (CGN), the entity standard-setting of public sector accounting in Colombia, there are still differences from the normative-technical point of view, which can diminish the potential benefits of a parity process with standards international of general acceptance, especially, the comparability of governmental financial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will resume the main differences between the application of IFRS 9 «Financial Instruments» to be imperatively implemented in Peru since the commencement of the exercise 2018 with regards to the current IAS 39 «Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement», focusing in the classification and measurement of financial assets. Furthermore, a practical analysis will be applied to financial instruments in the investment banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the factors associated with the competitive success of MSMEs in Peru. A qualitative research was carried out with a sample of 94 companies with more than 5 employees. Factors for competitive success are studied from the perspective of the resource-based theory. Results show that MSMEs that develop a more complete management control system and have more efficient human resources practices have a better chance to succeed in a competitive market. These results are especially useful for MSMEs managers and governmental directors in order to promote and design strategies and policies that promote the growth and competitiveness of MSMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to make a satisfaction model of women entrepreneurs assuming that the level of satisfaction will make their companies more successful. We carried out a survey of women entrepreneurs and analyzed the satisfaction level using a structural equation model. Results showed that, in general, women entrepreneurs are quite satisfied with their job. Furthermore, these results led us to conclude that to achieve greater success, women entrepreneurs should build a business in which they are trained, in a sector where they have expertise and where they find good business opportunities, a market niche with competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new methodology for selecting a pension fund base on the probability of loss for its customers. The methodology includes the historical performance of the portfolio between, March 2006 and May 2013, and projects its profitability either to maturity or to the customer's retirement age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]