Search

The development and production of new materials requires advanced analytical characterisation to explain the relation between the physico-chemical structure of the material and its properties. Highly integrated microelectronic structure analysis of surfaces with laser beams and X-ray fluorescence aided devices are found to be helpful for providing important information, including the interrelationships between physical, chemical, mechanical and durability characteristics of the new developed products. In most instances no single technique provides all the needed information and hence simultaneous application of several techniques becomes necessary. This study was aimed for hydration analysis, characterization and evaluation of a new novel non-Portland binder (NPB) with waste paper sludge ash (PSA) using FTIR and TG/DTA. The progressive formation of hydration products within the non-Portland binder was identified and their microstructural characteristics were analysed. The stable and non-expansive nature of secondary ettringite formation was also identified after a period of 365 days curing.

This review paper encompasses the inclusive approach of lime sludge valorization in construction materials. Research studies based on cement and aggregate replacement by lime sludge concludes that 10–30% lime sludge is gainfully utilized in sustainable concrete and mortar. Additional prospect for lime sludge application in construction material is the production of cement and ceramics. Significant use of lime sludge in combination with supplementary cementitious materials such as silica fume, nanosilica and fly ash is recommended for the production of cement components and ceramics. The recommendations are also suggested in accordance with the outcome of the study.

Green liquor dregs wastes coming from pulp and paper production are currently disposed in landfills at a huge cost for industry and the environment. In this work, a novel and more sustainable waste management strategy is proposed. Dregs were used for the first time as fine filler in the production of biomass fly ash-based geopolymeric mortars. The influence of the dregs incorporation amount on the fresh (geopolymer kinetics and mortars workability) and hardened-state (mechanical resistance, water absorption and capillary water absorption) properties of the mortars was evaluated. Although dregs incorporation reduce the flow workability (up to 19%), their presence and amount did not significantly alter the geopolymerization kinetics. Additionally dregs-containing mortars exhibited enhanced tensile (up to 71%) and compressive strength (up to 34%), and lower water absorption in comparison with the reference mortar. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using dregs as fine filler in geopolymers production. Moreover the mortars were produced using mainly biomass fly ash waste as aluminosilicate source which further reduces the environmental impact of the pulp and paper industry.

The paper analyses the effect of waste sludge from paper industry (paper sludge) on physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks, their microstructure and resistance to freezing and thawing. Paper sludge is not hazardous industrial waste mainly consisting of cellulose and calcite. Clay bodies were made from the mix containing from 5% to 20% of paper sludge and fired at 900 °C and 1000 °C temperatures. Open pore structure in the clay body is developed as a result of burnt cellulose fibres and calcite decarbonization. Physical and mechanical properties of clay bodies change depending on the content of added PS: shrinkage, density and compressive strength reduce, water absorption and effective porosity increase. It is recommended to add 5% of paper sludge to the clay body and fire it at 900 °C temperature, or alternatively add 5–15% of paper sludge and fire the clay body at 1000 °C temperature. In terms of resistance to freezing and thawing, such products are regarded as frost resistant in moderately aggressive environment, i.e. in structures protected from direct environmental effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate influence of calcination and cooling conditions on pozzolanic reactivity of waste paper sludge. Calcined paper sludge (CPS) is prepared by different temperatures of calcination, duration of calcination and cooling methods. Pozzolanic activity of CPS was investigated by using API (Assessed Pozzolanic Activity Index) and SAI (Strength Activity Index) in accordance with ASTM C618 -17 (KS L 5405) and consumption of Ca(OH)2 hydrate in mortars with CPS in detail, and compared to that of commercial fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag (BFS) used in the concrete industry. Results revealed CPS produced from waste paper sludge had excellent pozzolanic activity compared with commercial pozzolanic admixtures such as FA or BFS. Their pozzolanic activity was most excellent in calcination temperature of 700 °C, calcination duration of 2 h and cooling method of water quenching. SAI (%) of mortar with CPS produced under optimal conditions was 96% at 28 days of age, and satisfied the quality of fly ash (Class F) as specified in ASTM C618 -17 (KS L 5405). There was linear relation between API (%) and SAI (%) of mortars with CPS, and the correlation coefficient was relatively good as 0.8 at 28 days of age. The API method is recommended as rapid and appropriate evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of the CPS.

The aim of this study was to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of the paper mill (PMS) and spruce planer shaving added cement boards. Also the effect of sludge type in consequence of waste water treatment technique on properties of wood-cement boards (WCB) was investigated. The wood/cement ratios were used as 1/3, based on the oven dry weight for the WCB manufacture. PMS was used up to 20% wt of total composite based on organic (wood) and inorganic (cement) amounts. Black sludge has shown more improvement than grey sludge on properties of WCBs, which indicates the anaerobic waste treatment technique is more effective for additive in WCB. The modulus of rupture and elasticity values of the WCBs with 5% of grey sludge, 5% and 10% of mixture of grey and black sludge were acceptable limits according to EN 634-2 standard. The mechanical strengths of all WCBs with black sludge were found above the specified EN standard. This suggests that PMS depending on sludge type may be used up to 20% wt of total composite weight for the commercial production of WCBs, which could expand the raw material base for this panel product.

The deinking paper sludge (DPS) generated by paper recycling incorporated in ceramic pastes has received significant attention to develop environmentally-friendly construction materials with a good thermal and sound insulation characteristic while maintaining a resistance mechanical acceptable by standards. The environmental risks associated with the incorporation of these sludge into clay bricks that rich in heavy metals such as Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, etc. have been evaluated. The evaluation of these metals was carried out by performing the leaching test in order to be able to introduce this new material in the list of materials to be marketed in the field of civil engineering. Leaching tests were performed on clay, DPS and the finished product as fired bricks. Leaching results on clays show that they are non-hazardous products, while heavy metal leaching of DPS is above the limiting concentrations, which classifies DPS as a hazardous waste. In contrast, the leaching concentrations of the bricks incorporated by DPS, show that the heavy metals were immobilized in the ceramic structures of all the fired bricks. In this study, the percentages of DPS added in the composition of the bricks are 8%, 10% and 12%. Results of leaching test suggest that replacing up to 12% of clays with DPS can provide bricks to reduce the environmental impact of abundant waste and preserve non-renewable natural resources.

The mechanical and physical properties of the composites developed from dregs, grits, and lime mud of the Kraft cellulose and paper production process (55–75%), concrete waste (10–25%) and lime production waste (0–25%), far exceeded the demands of Brazilian standards for bricks, blocks, and road-base construction materials. The study of the developed composites structure by XRF, XRD, SEM, EDS, and LAMMA methods demonstrated that new mainly amorphous formations were responsible for all attained properties. The industrial application of these construction materials would introduce excellent efficiency from an economic and environmental points of view.

Paper-based asphalt felt, which is typically used as a waterproofing material, is one of the most problematic solid wastes in terms of disposal and environmental contamination. The laboratory work presented in this paper aims to propose a strategy for utilizing the reclaimed paper-based asphalt felt (RPAF) waste in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements as a means to mitigate the RPAF disposal problem. A series of laboratory tests, including viscosity, modulus, rutting, and cracking, were conducted to investigate the effects of RPAF additives on the engineering performance of asphalt-binder and HMA mixes. The corresponding test results showed that the addition of RPAF improves the viscosity and high-temperature performance of asphalt-binders. However, RPAF modified asphalt-binder exhibited inferior storage stability than the virgin asphalt-binder due to the difference in density between the asphalt-binder and RPAF components. Additionally, the effect of RPAF on the rheological characteristics of the asphalt-binder exhibited high sensitivity to temperature. The differences in complex modulus and phase angle of the asphalt-binder with RPAF additives were generally more significant at elevated temperatures. Similarly, RPAF modified HMA mixes outperformed the control HMA mix in terms of resistance to moisture damage, rutting, and cracking, respectively. Overall, the laboratory test results indicated that it is feasible to utilize RPAF waste as an asphalt-binder modifier to enhance the engineering properties/performance of the asphalt-binder and HMA mix whilst simultaneously addressing the environmental issues of RPAF waste disposal.

Soil-based building material has been used since ancient times but lately it has been mainly considered for restoration purposes of traditional architecture instead of an eco-friendly construction material for new buildings. However, the promotion of a more sustainable architecture has recently led to look towards adobe or rammed earth, among others. Because of the high impact of concrete and the fired clay brick industry, mainly due to the use of clinker and the firing process, respectively, adobe may highly reduce the ecological footprint of conventional construction and building materials. In addition, the use of fibers for adobe reinforcement has been also highlighted as a key factor for improving adobe performance. Obviously, when residues successfully replace such fibers the ecological footprint may be reduced even more. Thus, this research focuses on the assessment of adobe reinforced with paper and pulp industry residues (PPR) with the aim of demonstrating the feasibility of this construction material. Several series have been made by varying the replacement percentage up to 20% and technological properties and toxicity have been assessed. It is concluded that compressive strength may be improved up to 190% while thermal conductivity is reduced approx. 30% for 12.5% of PPR replacement. Besides, adobe meets standards related to water resistance and toxicity values.

In terms of sustainable and cleaner production, the utilization of various industrial wastes in the manufacturing of eco-friendly building materials has attracted attention in recent years. In the present study, a total of 12 series bricks were produced to determine the influences of paper mill sludge (PMS) and carbonation sludge (CS) on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of clay based bricks. The following parameters were examined for the bricks produced at 1000 °C and 1100 °C; water absorption, apparent porosity, efflorescence, bulk density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity. For the fired brick production, CS was used up to 30% while PMS up to 15%. The compressive strength of the fired bricks having 15% CS and 5% PMS content were in accordance with the standards. The thermal conductivity ranged from 0.742 W/mK to 0.155 W/mK. Also, the influences of waste concentrations on the quadratic model were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis results indicate that the firing temperature is the least important parameter affecting all properties of brick. The use of wastes up to 20% in the brick structure is an important step both in terms of reducing environmental pollution and protecting natural clay resources.

Sustainable pervious concretes were developed using waste from the paper industry so to lower cement use in public sidewalks and footways. Pervious concretes with 5 and 10% of industrial waste (WPI) in replace of Portland cement were produced. Flexural tensile strength and compressive strength measured were used to verify, through a numerical simulation, the flexural stress of a 0.7 × 0.8 × 0.1 m pervious concrete plate. Porosity, permeability coefficients of the plates, as well as their thermal conductivity were determined. As a result, compressive strength was reduced, flexural tensile strength was not influenced. Mixtures presented high degrees of permeability (over 3600 mm/h), and potentially reduce CO2 emissions in cement production, for the proposed use. The pervious concrete with 5% of WPI showed the lowest thermal conductivity (0.798 W/mk), inferior to the thermal conductivity of conventional impervious concrete (1.518 W/mk). The blended pervious concrete can be used where low compressive strength is admitted.

Current efforts are focused on transforming renewable resources into advantageous polymers and the utilisation of waste for the same application and others. However, the utilisation of waste into polymer systems causes forming mixtures with high viscosities; therefore, this study analyses different types of titanate coupling agents (TCAs), TCA-L44, TCA-L38 and TCA-K44, and their effects on the rheology of bio-based polyol premixes filled with paper waste particles and the physical-mechanical properties and microstructures of polyurethane foams (RPUFs). It is found that TCAs improve the dynamic viscosity of polyol premixes by a factor of two. Based on the scattering of the apparent density results, TCA-L44 and TCA-K44, at amounts of 1–3 wt%, ensure an even distribution of waste particles, while TCA-L38 does not show evidence of coupling. Compared to RPUF without TCAs, the apparent density increased on average from ∼65 to ∼69 kg/m3 for TCA-L44, to ∼71 kg/m3 for TCA-L38 and to 69 kg/m3, indicating a weak cross-link effect. The compressive strength increases by an average of 6.5–9.1% and the tensile strength increases by 26.0–42.2% when TCA-K44 is used, while the water absorption decreases by up to ∼62% and the water vapour diffusion resistance factor decreases by ∼39% when TCA-L44 is used.

A raw decorative paper was coated with a mixture of TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposite aerogel and melamine-formaldehyde resin to achieve dual functions, namely formaldehyde degradation and smoke suppression. The physical and chemical structure of TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposite aerogel and its photocatalytic activity on liquid formaldehyde degradation were revealed. Moreover, the coated melamine-impregnated paper was further decorated into the surface of a poplar wood veneer to prepare a real indoor panel. A self-designed sealed box and cone calorimeter were used to test its photocatalytic activity on gaseous formaldehyde degradation and smoke suppression. The results showed that the presence of massive mesopores in TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposite aerogel and the appearance of anatase nanocrystal of TiO2 synergistically lead to both the high liquid and gaseous formaldehyde degradation rates of 65.8% and 56.6%. In addition, the porous structure and incombustibility of TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposite aerogel also result in high smoke suppression, demonstrating the maximum decrease in CO and CO2 production by 56.2% and 33.2%. The preparation process of the coated melamine-impregnated paper is easy to realize industrial production. After decorated into the surface of wood-based panels, it can be used as the indoor materials of wall, floor, and furniture.

This paper reports the results of an exploratory experimental study to manufacture eco-friendly lightweight bricks through binary mix of paper mill sludge (PMS) and soil. The pre-manufacture activities include mineralogical, chemical, thermal and index properties characterisation of two kinds of soils (laterite and alluvial) and PMS. The mix ratio between PMS and soil was varied (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and two firing temperatures 850 °C and 900 °C were tested in order to emulate the typical conditions of a kiln. The performance of incorporating PMS into the mix was tested by evaluating properties such as linear shrinkage, compressive strength, water absorption, mass loss on ignition, and bulk density of bricks as recommended by the relevant Indian and ASTM standard codes. X ray diffraction results confirmed that the addition of PMS does not show any phase transformation and only enhances the porosity thereby leading to weight reduction. Based on the results, an optimum mix of 10% PMS with both soil types was found suitable for brick production at a firing temperature of 900 °C. Results obtained in this study will be helpful to brick industry for commercial production of PMS incorporated bricks leading to sustainable use of resources.

A sandwich structure consisting of perlite composite foam as core and Brown paper as skin is developed and its flexural behaviour is studied in relation with properties of constituents and manufacturing variables of perlite composite foam core consolidated with sodium silicate binder by compaction. Tensile properties of Brown paper coated with binder were affected by sodium silicate content in diluted binder. The best performance of the Brown paper was found for strength and energy absorption when coated with undiluted binder. The sandwich structure was fabricated with the best performed Brown paper and perlite composite foam cores with various binder contents and compaction ratios. The performance of the sandwich structure for core shear strength, skin normal strength, and stiffness was similarly affected by manufacturing variables to those of perlite foam core. Load carrying capacity of perlite foam core reinforced with Brown paper for the sandwich structure was increased about 3–7 times the unreinforced one depending on how binder and compaction ratio are combined for manufacturing perlite foam core. The flexural failure of perlite composite foam core was initiated from the tension side of the flexural specimen. However, when the foam core was sandwiched with the Brown paper, the failure initiation site was shifted to the mid-plane of flexural specimen.

In the present work, unshredded waste newspaper based composites have been prepared in polyester resin matrix. Reinforcing material, waste newspaper is characterized by chemically, X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and tensile properties. Three different fibre content composite samples, namely 25%, 34%, and 50% (by weight) are prepared by hand lay-up techniques. Water absorption and thickness swelling tests are conducted by immersing composite samples in distilled water at room temperature. It is found that the percentage of moisture uptake and thickness swelling are increased as the fibre volume fraction is increased due to the high cellulose content. The tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear strength properties of water immersed samples are investigated and compared with dry composite samples. It is observed that after swelling the mechanical properties of composites are found to decrease with increase in percentage moisture uptake.

Due to increasing generation of solid wastes from papermaking industry, major concerns arise about the disposal of the solid wastes and their adverse impacts on environments, in which the disposal of paper sludge massively produced from paper mills has become one of the most serious solid waste problems worldwide. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility and applicability of incorporating solid wastes from paper mills into controlled low strength material (CLSM), in which fly ash was used as a substitute for cement, bottom ash was added by partially replacing fine aggregate, and paper sludge was treated as a fibrous admixture. Results show that both fly ash and bottom ash could be effectively used in production of CLSM mixtures with desired performances. By limiting the amount of cement used in the mixture, the ultimate strength of CLSM could be controlled for easy excavation. Fly ash could effectively increase flowability of the mixture, thus improving self-compactibility. Both bottom ash and paper sludge had an adverse effect on the flowability. The strength of CLSM was reduced when a higher content of fly ash was incorporated to replace cement, while the strength was increased when more river sand was replaced with bottom ash. Due to a high water absorption and poor dispersibility of paper sludge, the CLSM made with additional paper sludge exhibited a relatively low flowability and a reduction in strength. However, with proper mixture design, paper sludge could still be effectively used in CLSM.

As a developing nation that moves towards the sustainability, initiatives had been taken to address the solid waste disposal problem by incorporating them into asphalt pavement construction. This study integrates the recycled material named Recycled Paper Mill Sludge (RPMS) into the production of asphalt mixture as modifier through the partial substitution of mineral filler. The usage of solid waste material in pavement construction could substantially reduce the waste production and reduces the possibility of those waste materials ending up on landfills. This paper evaluates the microscopic analysis such as XRD, XRF and the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture with the incorporation of Recycled Paper Mill Sludge (RPMS). Mechanical properties that were evaluated were indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture sensitivity, resilient modulus, Leutner shear and dynamic creep. RPMS was added to the asphalt mixture through dry process at the rate of 0.5% and 1%. Addition of RPMS at specific rate improved the mechanical properties such as resilient modulus, Leutner shear and dynamic creep of asphalt mixture. The lapped antenna like fibre of RPMS improved the resilient modulus of asphalt mixture by acting as a reinforcing material. Furthermore, RPMS contains calcite compounds that promote the adhesion bonding between asphalt binder and aggregates which significantly improved the performance in Leutner shear test and dynamic creep test.

Solid waste phosphogypsum (PG) generated during phosphoric acid production was used as the sole raw material to prepare a new paper-free and fiber-free plasterboard. Dehydrated PG was granulated with water, press-formed and hydrated with intermittent pressing into paper-free and fiber-free plasterboards with bending strength of 14.7 MPa. The semi-hydrate gypsum is hydrated into dense and interlocking dihydrate gypsum crystals, thereby achieving a high mechanical strength. Due to the free of paper, fiber and additive, the plasterboard is effective to recycle PG and has potential to be a new-type wall material with favorable fire resistance, cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.

Calcium silicate board materials (CSBM), as a new environmental friendly and energy-saving building material, have been widely used in the construction of ceiling and insulation panel. This study aims to investigate the feasible utilization of two kinds of paper sludge powder, paper sludge ash (PSA) and alkali recovery paper sludge (ARPS), as the supplementary materials to develop a sustainable CSBM with low water-cement ratio. The experimental results indicate that single addition of 30% PSA or 20% ARPS can improve the flexural strength of CSBM effectively because a moderate addition of paper sludge can decrease the porosity. Meanwhile, the addition of PSA or ARPS notably reduces the thermal conductivity of the CSBM and DSC-TG analysis present a better thermal stability before 650 °C. Furthermore, the reinforcing capability of the hybrid PSA/ARPS to CSBM is investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). In conclusion, the utilization of paper sludge powder presents a great potential to develop sustainable and energy-saving CSBM with enhanced flexural strength and reduced water absorption.

In the aim of the valorisation of waste paper, an experimental study of a new biocomposite (AWPL) dedicated to building based on Aggregates of Waste Paper and Lime is performed. The waste paper used in this work is transformed to Aggregates of Waste Paper (AWP), the physical, thermal and morphological properties were carried out. Five combinations of (AWP – Lime) have been prepared and the weight ratios of lime used are 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt% correspond. Experimental investigations of physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological characterizations of AWPL were carried out in order to determine: the apparent density, the open porosity, the water absorption, the ultrasound pulse velocity, the flexural and compressive strengths and the thermal conductivity. Furthermore, a characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was realized to observe the AWP/lime bond. The results of characterization of AWPL show good mechanical properties as flexural and as compressive, these results are confirmed by the analysis SEM, that shown good adhesion of the AWP/Lime interface. The thermal characterization tests of AWPL have shown an important thermal insulation capacity linked to the low values of the thermal conductivity, these low values can be explained by the high porosity of AWPL. As a result, the AWPL could be classified as a structural and thermal insulation material for buildings according to the RILEM classification.

Water hyacinth (WH) is an invasive aquatic with an extensive, rapid growth. Nowadays, the considerable amount of WH biomass generated is a waste management challenge for those areas where WH is present. In this paper, a new insulation building material based on WH’s petioles (WHP) and mixed with cement was analysed. Different WHPs particle sizes were processes (pulp WHPs and staple WHPs). As a consequence, two type of panel were studied. Both panels used different WHP content ranging from 40:60 (WHP:cement) to 100:0. According to the results, self-supporting WHP-cement board could be used as an alternative insulation material. The optimum percentage (WHP:cement) was 80:20 for panels made with pulp WHP and 75:35 for panels made with staple WHPs. Their thermal conductivity values were 0.63–0.45 W/mK respectively.

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) has many benefits. However, premature cracking has become a serious concern for mixes containing RAP/RAS. Recently, a variety of bio-rejuvenators have been developed to address the premature cracking issue. However, there is no purchasing specification available for bio-rejuvenators. This paper presents the efforts made toward the development of performance-related specification for bio-rejuvenators. A total of eight bio-rejuvenators including seven commercial bio-rejuvenators and one recycled vegetable oil, were evaluated in this study. Their chemical and rheological properties and aging characteristics were measured. In addition, the effectiveness of the eight bio-rejuvenators in improving low temperature property of (recycled) asphalt binders was investigated. Although rheological dynamic viscosity has a fair correlation with the stiffness based low temperature performance grade (PG), the chemical property, total fatty acid content is the preferred performance indicator, because (1) the low temperature PG of recycled asphalt binders is controlled primarily by relaxation property (or m value); and (2) the total fatty acid content has much better correlation with the m-based low temperature PG than the dynamic viscosity. The total fatty acid content was verified by mixing pure fatty acid compounds (palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) with a virgin PG64-22 binder. The identified performance indicator was further confirmed by testing blends of recycled binder/virgin binder/three bio-rejuvenators. Additionally, two field test sections with 30% recycled RAP and bio-rejuvenators were constructed for validation. Laboratory test results of the plant mixes collected from the field clearly validated the effectiveness of total fatty acid content as the performance indicator for bio-rejuvenators. At the end of this paper, a framework of performance-related specification for bio-rejuvenators is proposed. A total of seven aspects of bio-rejuvenators are included: (1) total fatty acid content for bio-rejuvenator classification, (2) saturated fatty acid content for avoiding potential negative effect of wax, (3) flashing point for safety, (4) dynamic viscosity for pumping bio-rejuvenators to the mixing drum, (5) dynamic viscosity ratio of RTFO residue to original rejuvenator for screening out the bio-rejuvenators susceptible to short term aging, (6) RTFO (or TFO) mass loss for avoiding massive loss of volatiles, and (7) specific gravity.

This study characterizes a Portland cement based cellular system prepared with a preformed foam. Wood ash, locally sourced from pulp and paper mills, was first characterized and later, blended at up to 20% of the binder. The resulting mixtures were cast at three densities between 1000 and 1400 kg/m3 and examined for mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties. A phase analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction to identify the components of the wood ash and again, in the hydrated system. The thermal constants were measured using the Transient Plane Heat Source (TPS) technique per ISO 22007-2. Sound absorption and noise reduction coefficients were evaluated using the impedance tube method per ASTM C384-04. The results show that although blending wood ash led to lower compressive strength and elastic modulus, the drop in strength was within 20%. While not as effective in reducing noise, the wood ash led to 20% lower thermal conductivity. These findings offer wood ash as a viable, replenishable and sustainable substitute for Portland cement in insulating foams.

The large amount of solid wastes generated in the processing of ornamental stones is a matter of concern for the society. A possible solution is the incorporation of those wastes in civil construction paints, in order to promote improvements in their properties, and contributing to the sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of the granite waste, actuating as mineral filler, on the performance of poly vinyl acetate latex paints produced with soil pigments. It is emphasized that both the materials used and the manufacturing process adopted comply with the requirements of a social technology. To manufacture the paint samples, two types of soils were selected, and an experimental planning of mixtures was defined with varied proportions of soil, granite waste and poly vinyl acetate (PVA) resin. In such planning, the water ratio varied in each mixture in order to keep the viscosity within a constant range, considered ideal to apply the product. Next, experiments were performed to set the hiding power and the abrasion resistance of each mixture. It was verified that, in both types of soils used, the paints presented a better hiding power as the granite waste was added. Such result can be explained by the characteristics of the granite waste that promoted a gradual increase in the solid content of the mixtures. However, the waste and PVA interaction caused a decrease in the abrasion resistance of the paints, which is possibly due to the increase in the roughness of the paint film plus the increase in the pH of the mixture. It was also observed that none of the produced samples simultaneously complied with the hiding power and abrasion resistance of Brazilian standard specifications. The paint film that presented the best performance is constituted by 71% of granite waste and 29% of PVA resin.

Molasses is a by-product of sugar production; which not only improves concrete fluidity but also prevents early hardening of cement paste. Moreover, the usage of recycled aggregates in concrete is not a novel practice; however, the key issue observed in its utilization is the high water absorption of aggregates leading to low workability and ultimately poor mechanical strength. This paper investigates the possibility of using cane molasses as a water-reducing admixture in recycled aggregate concrete. The addition of molasses along with recycled aggregate in concrete has the potential of mitigating the negative effects observed with the use of recycled aggregate only. Hence, various dosages of cane molasses (0.25–0.75% by weight of cement) were utilized in this study to investigate the fresh properties of cement pastes and recycled aggregate concrete. Key properties of hardened concrete, such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and shear strength were assessed up to 365 days. X-ray diffraction analysis was also performed at all ages of testing. With the addition of molasses reduction in water demand for normal consistency, whereas increase in setting times and workability was observed. By experiments and analytical discussions, improvement in mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete was also revealed with the addition of molasses up to 0.25%. The obtained results disclosed that the use of molasses in concrete with recycled aggregates is encouraging, provided that the dosage limitations are taken into account.

The production of low cost and durable dry-cast concrete (DCC) represents an important industry for developing countries. DCC can have more environmental benefits if designed with alternative supplementary cementitious materials (ASCM) since its strength is not the main concern. This paper presents a laboratory optimization of pulp and paper biomass-fly ash (BFA) as ASCM and biomass-bottom ash (BBA) as an alternative sand, and combinations of both for DCC production. The BFA was used to replace up to 30% of cement and the BBA was employed to replace up to 80% of the sand. All DCC mixtures were characterized based on the fresh (compactness), mechanical (compressive and splitting-tensile strength), and transport (water absorption, air voids, and electrical resistivity) properties up to 91 days. The DCC mixtures made with 5%, 10%, or 15% BFA and 25% of BBA can reach a compactness index of 99% with a compaction work lower than specified by the Standards. The use of the BFA and BBA lead to a small decrease of the compressive strength, however they can exhibit very low permeability and water absorption values, lower than required by the specifications (close to 5%). Those results demonstrate the feasibility of using BFA or BBA in the production of DCC, which significantly contributes to the sustainability of the pulp and paper and concrete industries.

The mixed recycled aggregate obtained from processed construction and demolition waste accounts for the largest share of recycled aggregate produced worldwide. Efficient and appropriate use of these new resources will help reduce and confront the major environmental problems facing today’s economic growth model. The research discussed in this paper assessed the performance of structural concretes containing 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% mixed recycled coarse aggregate, analysing fresh concrete workability, density and air content and hardened concrete compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) run on the findings to determine the effect of the factors on the variables showed that curing age and percentage of recycled aggregate had a statistically significant impact on concrete performance. The decline in strength relative to conventional concrete was smaller at longer curing ages. Concretes bearing up to 50% recycled aggregate exhibited declines in performance of 10% or under in most of the properties studied, even at late ages. In light of the present findings, the mixed recycled aggregates used in this research may be deemed apt for use in structural concrete with a characteristic strength of up to 30 MPa.

Red mud (RM) is a toxic waste, rich in coloured pigments, which affects landfills and surrounding environments due to its high alkalinity. But it is suitable for architectural coloured concrete production since it contains a high volume of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and Silicon dioxide (SiO2). Therefore, the application of RM in concrete production not only may benefit the construction industry but also helps mitigating the environmental effects of alumina refineries. In addition, using RM can help to achieve a green coloured concrete with similar properties to current concrete made with white cement. This study intends to appraise the effects of RM in self-compacting architectural concrete (SCAC) production as cement and filler replacement. For that purpose, seven concrete mixes incorporating various ratios of RM as partial cement (2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%) and filler (25%, 50%, and 75%) replacement were produced in the laboratory. The results revealed that RM does not significantly affect the performance of concrete, as the variations of the results were mostly lower than 5% in relation to the reference concrete. Moreover, incorporating RM in SCAC can improve the durability to sulphate attack in terms of weight loss, a very important parameter when evaluating the performance of architectural concrete, by about 27%. In addition, using RM can help achieve a green coloured concrete with similar properties to current concrete made with white cement.

The objective of the present study was to establish the technological and regulatory viability of using marble industry waste as additive in Portland cement. Six clinker and marble dust mixtures were prepared (M-1 = 0%; M-2 = 5%; M-3 = 10%, M-4 = 15%; M-5 = 20%, M-6 = 25%), varying the percentage of marble dust added from 0 to 25% of total clinker weight in the cementing mixture. Results obtained showed that the mineralogical composition of marble dust is based on the presence of CaO, and physicochemical analysis confirmed its feasibility as a pure and clean by-product. Regarding the fresh state of the cement samples, it is interesting to note that i) The paste workability varies according to the percentage addition, and water percentage values are similar to or lower than those in the control series, and ii) Expansion values of samples with marble dust addition are the same as those of the control series, with samples M-2, M-4, and M-6 reaching a value of 1 mm. Moreover, flexural-tensile strength test results at 365 days are identical for samples M-1, M-2, and M-3 to those for the control series. Flexural-tensile strength resistance data are always lower for samples M-4, M-5, and M-6 than for the control series, although this difference is reduced at higher curing ages. Compression resistance is higher in samples with percentage additions up to 10% than in the control series. Compression resistance at curing ages of 90 and 365 days was >50% of reference resistance values at 28 days. The most important conclusions regarding the cementing mixture presented in this study are that: i) it meets physicochemical criteria for the utilization of marble dust as by-product in the preparation of CEM-II cement; ii) it meets the criteria in UNE-EN 196-3 for any resistance class according to tests conducted on the cementing paste in fresh state; and iii) it can be classified as CEM-II in accordance with RC-16 guidelines, with a resistance class that varies as a function of the percentage addition of marble dust. Finally, with respect to the technical feasibility of using ornamental marble fabrication waste as additive to clinker to form a cementing mixture, the optimal percentage addition is 10% to obtain CEM-II (32.5 N), CEM-II (32.5 R), and CEM-II (42.5 N).

In order to reduce geological disaster caused by expansive soil and utilize waste resources, a cementing material combined with rice husk ash(RHA) obtained from biomass power plants and calcium carbide residue(CCR) gained from acetylene plants, was used for stabilization of expansive soil. Based on compressive and flexural strength of RHA-CCR mortars, mixing ratio of RHA/CCR was adopted as 65:35 by weight for soil stabilization. Through a series of tests, the swelling-shrink and strength properties of stabilized expansive soil have been investigated. With increase of binding content, curing time and initial water content, swelling potential, swelling pressure, crack quantity and fineness of expansive soil lowered remarkably. Meanwhile, unconfined compressive strength, cohesion and internal friction angle improved significantly after adding RHA-CCR. From the perspective of strength improvement, blending content of 15% and initial water content of 1.2 times the optimum moisture content was recommended for stabilizing expansive soil. The mechanism of RHA-CCR to stabilize expansive soil involved replacement efficiency, coagulation reaction and ion exchange. In the future, stabilization of expansive soil using RHA-CCR will be highly concerned because of excellent performance, lowered construction and disposal costs, reduced environmental pollution.

The environmental challenges such as high energy demand, large CO 2 emission, and exorbitant raw material consumption among others associated with ordinary Portland cement led researchers to the search for alternatives and thus the advent of geopolymer concrete. Fly ash, a waste product of the thermal generating power station, has been the base material commonly used in geopolymer production. However, Nigeria depends majorly on hydro-power and hence, fly ash is unavailable and this has contributed to the restricted application of geopolymer technology. Therefore, the suitability of brewery sludge residue (a waste byproduct generated in high quantity from brewing process) as an alternative base material in geopolymer concrete was investigated in this study. The physical and chemical properties of brewery sludge residue ash (BSA) were investigated to assess its suitability for use as a base material for geopolymer binder. Brewery sludge residue ash-based geopolymer concrete (BSAGC) specimens were produced by activating BSA with selected alkaline liquids (NaOH and Na 2 SiO 2 ) used as activator. The BSAGC specimens were subjected to compressive strength to assess the strength development and consequently the effectiveness of the polymerization reaction that occurred. It was found that, amongst other factors, the BSA exhibits less satisfactory oxide characteristics at 425 micron particle size utilised and consequently the compressive strength development was low at 28 days curing duration at the 1:2:4 mix proportioning threshold adopted for the BSAGC mix. Given the marginal strength development of BSAGC, BSA could be reckon as having potentials for application as base material for geopolymer binder, however, more investigation is required to determine the optimum processing parameters for its usage as a base material for geopolymer binder and geopolymer concrete.

Community water defluoridation plants primarily use activated alumina (AA) for treatment. However, this process generates toxic AA-sludge for which no sustainable method of disposal is currently known. This study evaluated whether AA-sludge could be partially used in manufacturing bricks that are structurally stable and non-polluting. The AA-sludge was variably mixed with soil (0%, 5% and 10% by weight) and fired in a field kiln to produce bricks. These bricks were extensively tested for their structural, non-structural and leaching properties. Up to 10% replacement of conventional clay soil with AA-sludge could be recommended for low-end structural applications.

The asphalt industry has invested in recycling asphalt pavement (RAP) as an economical and environmental alternative to conventional materials, creating a cycle of reusing materials that optimizes the use of natural resources. Biomaterials as additives help promoting the optimal use of RAP. The present work carried out a study aiming at the development of alternative organic additives as potentially useful materials that can act as a rejuvenating agent for oxidized RAP asphalts. For this purpose, cotton seed oil and fatty acid amides from cotton seed oil sources prepared in the laboratory were applied as an additive to evaluate their effect on RAP rejuvenation. The feasibility of using these additives was investigated through performance evaluation of binders and their corresponding mixture with respect to their rheological properties instead. The fatty acid amides of the cotton seed oil were able to rejuvenate the oxidized binders when analyzing the rheological parameters G* and δ, besides favoring resistance to fatigue. The results also indicate the possibility of adding value to oils from the northeastern region of Brazil, generating social benefits.

To study the frost resistance of recycled concrete in a sulfate-rich environment, we prepared recycled concrete with 0%, 30%, 50%, and 100% recycled aggregate replacement rate. The physical and mechanical properties of the recycled concrete in the coupled action of freeze-thaw cycles and a sulfate environment for different replacement rates of aggregate was then studied. We analyzed the micro-structure and the reaction products of the recycled concrete. We used a two-factor Weibull distribution model to establish the damage equation, then predict the service life of the recycled concrete. The results show that when the replacement rate of recycled aggregate increases, the physical and mechanical properties of the recycled concrete gradually deteriorate in the later stages of the freeze-thaw test. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, ettringite and gypsum are gradually formed due to the reaction with sulfate. The Weibull model accurately describes the damage variation in the recycled concrete. Through the prediction of the service life of the recycled concrete, we found that the durability was reduced. Given our analysis, we found that the proportion of recycled aggregate should not exceed 30% to meet the requirements for durability design of a concrete structure in China (GB/T 50746-2008).

The sustainability of raw materials used in construction industry consumed large quantities of material has great importance. The use of pore-makers in the brick production is reducing the consumption of clean clay resources as well as lightness of the baked brick body. Many organic or inorganic additives have been used as pore-making in brick production for improving thermal performance. In this study, tea waste (TW) were used at different concentrations in the brick clay mixtures to examine its effects on baked brick properties. In addition to micro-structure investigations, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of bricks produced were investigated. It is concluded that tea waste additive up to 10% in brick body can be used for structural application and isolation while ratios more 10% tea waste additive for only isolation purposes. Tea wastes can be used as a pore-making additive in the brick production. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

In this study, effect of replacement of cement by textile sludge on the properties of mortar and paste is investigated. Cement was replaced by textile sludge up to 20% by weight. The effect of cement-textile sludge paste mixes on the setting characteristics; soundness and flow behavior are investigated. The aim of the present research is to investigate the feasibility of using textile sludge as partial replacement of cement, concentrating this investigation on cement paste mixes and a detailed assessment of their performance based on strength, permeation, shrinkage and microstructure. Along with this, drying shrinkage of the mixes was investigated up to 90 days of drying. Results indicate no adverse effect of introducing textile sludge as replacement of cement up to 5% replacement level. There was a considerable loss in strength for higher replacement levels. SEM images indicate porous microstructure for cement-textile sludge mortars at higher replacement levels. XRD spectrums revealed no major qualitative phase change due to addition of textile sludge, and reduction in the quantities of major hydration products.

The lack of alternative materials for cement has led to the emission of a huge quantity of CO2 and a high consumption of energy, both being the consequences of cement production. In this research, two types of solid agricultural wastes have been adopted, namely, palm oil clinker (POC) and Nano palm oil fuel ash (NPOFA) as coarse aggregate and cement replacement in various proportions, respectively. POC has been used as partial and full replacement of traditional coarse aggregate while NPOFA has been used as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) ranging between 0% and 30%. The aim of this study is to reduce the cement quantity in POC lightweight concrete as well as to show the effect of NPOFA on the POC concrete properties. The results show that the inclusion of NPOFA up to 30% improves the workability of concrete as well as the compressive strength and UPV gradually. In addition to that, NPOFA has a positive effect on the water absorption. Overall, the concrete containing NPOFA and POC aggregates can enhance the sustainability aspect in the concrete production as well as reduce the CO2 gas emission into the atmosphere.

UK construction industry contributes 120 Mt of waste every year. Bio-based building materials may be a solution for this problem, as they combine re-use and recycling abilities together with hygroscopic characteristics, leading to buildings energy savings. For the first time, the dynamic response to hygrothermal changes of bio-based materials is examined in terms of Moisture Buffering Value (MBV), dry/wet thermal conductivity, microstructure, density and latent heat through daily cycles. It is shown that MBV is a useful tool for characterisation but needs to be combined with the shape of the change in mass of the final hygrothermal cycle. Mastering this is required to obtain significant improved indoor environment quality in buildings. Ten samples of bio-based insulation materials and one thermoplastic recycled polymer were analysed (wool, hemp, saw mill residue, wood, straw, cork and polyethylene terephthalate). Saw and wool are the most promising, as materials exhibit dynamic response to hygrothermal changes. Only half the amount of samples revealed equivalent efficient moisture transfer to be able to desorb the adsorbed quantity of water. Latent heat of vaporisation and condensation tests led to the conclusion that samples of wool and saw mill residue can qualify as bio-based materials for ‘green’ panels.

Traditional Portland cement can be effectively substituted by alkali-activated binders. Not only can alkali-activated binders save energy and reduce CO2 emission but they can also augment the durability performance of concrete as well as aid in resolving the landfill problems. It is well-known that extensive quantities of calcined clay waste are created every year by the ceramic industry, of which a significant amount is used in landfills. It is thus more appropriate to reuse this waste efficiently. This study investigated the impacts on sustainability of waste ceramic tile powder (WCP) based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) incorporating fly ash (FA) as a replacement of ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), which were exposed to various hostile environments. Binders were prepared by maintaining the WCP content at 50% in all alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) and FA replacing GBFS by 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Durability properties were evaluated which included elevated temperatures, sulphate and acid attack, drying shrinkage, freezing-thawing and wet-dry cycles, as well as water permeability. The findings suggested that freezing-thawing resistance increased and better durability was displayed by increasing the FA content in AAMs. Furthermore, AAMs with high FA content led to enhance the performance in terms of sulphate and acid environments and elevated temperatures. Apart from the increased durability, replacing GBFS with FA also resulted in decreased energy consumption, AAMs cost, and CO2 emission.

Scarcity of natural aggregates and illegal dumping of wastes originating from roads and industries are the major challenges for a developing country. The present study is an effort to provide a sustainable solution to the aforementioned challenges by utilizing these wastes for production of subbase course of concrete pavements. In the study, the optimum proportion of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) along with the optimum proportion of the various supplementary cementitious admixtures (SCM) such as flyash (FA), silica fume (SF) and sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) have been evaluated for productions of dry lean concrete (DLC) mixes. The effect of the higher amount of Portland cement on the properties of RAP inclusive DLC mixes was also investigated. It was observed that the hardened properties of DLC containing RAP are mostly depended upon the maximum dry density of the fresh mixtures. Inclusions of considered industrial waste, as part replacement of Portland cement, were found to have an insignificant effect, whereas, when included in excess of cement, enhanced the properties of RAP-DLC blends significantly. The results of the study depicted that the suitability of RAP aggregates for DLC subbase may be increased by increasing the cement content by about 50%, whereas, for achieving the comparable performance to that of DLC containing natural aggregates, the quantity of cement shall be doubled. Based on the results of different parts of the study, it is recommended to include at least 30% extra cement content with either of 10% SF or 20% FA for sustainable DLC mixtures containing 75% coarse RAP aggregates.

The production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is responsible for a significant part of global CO2 emission. For decades, the raw material and high burn temperature (up to 1500 °C) for OPC production have not been changed to reduce the CO2 emission significantly. In order to reduce the CO2 emission for cement production, two types of recycled cements (RC-450 °C and RC-800 °C) were produced in this study. It is hoped that the potential application of recycled cement could help to mitigate the CO2 emission in cement production. The application of recycled cement could significantly reduce the environmental impacts caused by the landfills of demolished waste concretes. The recycled cements RC-450 °C and RC-800 °C were produced through burning waste old OPC pastes at 450 °C and 800 °C respectively and then grinding into powder through a ball mill. The CO2 emissions from producing OPC, RC-450 °C and RC-800 °C were calculated and compared through considering the CO2 emissions from both fuel burning and the clinker materials. Compared to the production process of OPC, the production of RC-450 °C can reduce 94% of CO2 emission. By mixing with water, an additional 4% CO2 by weight of RC-450 °C can be captured in the RC-450 °C paste through the formation of calcium carboaluminate and additional calcite. RC-450 °C showed lower CO2 emission but a higher strength of paste than RC-800 °C. Besides, RC-450 °C paste was found to have a similar strength as the OPC paste, and this suggests that the RC-450 °C could be used to totally replace OPC.

The properties of agriculture by-products make them applicable for insulating materials production. One of the potential source of natural insulating material is corn stover, especially the stalks. In the present study the density, specific heat and volumetric specific heat capacity of individual fractions of corn stover were determined. The separation of the corn fractions allowed to identify the most suitable fractions for insulating panels production. Four separated fractions, i.e. stalks, leaves, husks and cobs, were in focus of the study. The specific heat measurements of selected corn factions were carried out with a water calorimeter. The measurements were made for the oven dry materials which were placed in a heat shrinkable membrane to prepare samples of a cylindrical shape. The obtained values of specific heat and volumetric specific heat capacity confirmed that the thermal properties of corn stover fractions should be determined separately. Only leaves and stalks were characterized by similar values of specific heat and volumetric specific heat capacity. The highest value of specific heat equal to 1723 J/(kg·K) was determined for husks. The observed high values of volumetric specific heat capacity determined for all corn stover fractions confirmed their ability of heat accumulation.

The production of green sustainable concrete with enhanced performance against severe environmental conditions by using recycle waste materials has been a primary concern for recent studies. This article reports a study on investigating the effect of incorporating ultra-fine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA) with shredded recycled waste bottle in form of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) on the engineering and transport properties of ultra-high-performance concrete. UPOFA was used as a partial replacement binder in varied proportions (20% and 40%) of the total cement binder, whereas shredded recycled PET bottles were added as reinforced fibre by 1% of the total mix volume. The greatest compressive strength was registered by a combination of 20% UPOFA and PET fibre in U20-UHPPGC. The combination of 40% UPOFA and PET fibres in U40-UHPPGC mix demonstrated a superior enhancement in terms of transport properties at the age of 28 days, such as porosity, initial surface absorption, gas permeability, water permeability and rapid chloride permeability. Thus, pozzolanic UPOFA can improve the engineering and transport properties of ultra-high-strength concrete. The overall results indicated that the PET fibre reinforced with UPOFA can produce UHPPGC with promising improvements in engineering and transport properties. The incorporation of waste materials into concrete constructions can reduce cement consumption and prevent the environmental pollution with save energy at the same time.

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) belite cements are of increasing importance due to their lower energy consumption and CO2-emission compared to Portland cements. The aim of the study was to find an optimal raw meal composition resulting in a clinker with ye’elimite as main phase. The use of calcium carbonate and the sintering temperature should be minimized. The industrial residues residual bauxite and residual kaolinite were successfully used for an eco-friendly CSA-belite cement. The optimum raw meal composition range was found to be 38–42% limestone, 10–14% anhydrite, 20% residual kaolinite and 25–32% residual bauxite, leading to ye’elimite and larnite contents of 42–45% and 24–37%, respectively. Additionally, the sintering temperature could be reduced from the common 1250–1350 °C to 1200 °C. A statistical experimental planning program has been used as a guidance to minimize the necessary amount of experiments for finding the optimum raw meal composition.

For solid waste disposal and cement consumption reduction, sustainable phosphate-based rapid repairing materials (sust-MPC) were prepared with MgO-containing by-products (LG-MgO) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) fly ash. The effects of various mix proportions on the fluidity, setting time and mechanical properties of sust-MPC were investigated. Based on that, mix proportion optimization procedure has been developed according to the multi-objective comprehensively considering. The results showed that the MgO to KDP ratio (M/P) was the most influential parameter on the fluidity, whereas the Borax dosage (B/MPF) and Water-to-binder ratio (W/MPF) were the dominant factors on the setting time and 1-h mechanical properties, respectively. Yet, the effect of CFB fly ash addition (CFB/MPF) was relatively small. Finally, the performance comparisons of sust-MPC and conventional MPC were carried out. Examined properties included basic properties, adhesion strength and microstructure, etc. Overall, sust-MPC has shown a better behavior. These positive results indicated that sust-MPC could be a promising alternative in developing sustainable construction material and waste management as well.

Cellulosic sugar acids from lignocellulose biomass are composed of gluconic acid, xylonic acid, arabonic acid, galactonic acid and mannonic acid. The major application of cellulosic sugar acids is cement retarder additive. This study experimentally investigated the performance of cellulosic sugar acids on cement hydration and compared with the commercial sugar acid from crop starch feedstock. The excellent retarding efficiency of cellulosic sugar acids was demonstrated while cement strength and soundness maintained similar to that of starch based sugar acid product. X-ray diffractograms, thermograms, and microstructure analyses showed that the hydration of cement reactions and the formation of cement products were significantly delayed by the addition of cellulosic sugar acids. This study indicates that cellulosic product from low-cost agriculture residue is a promising alternative of commercial product from crop starch feedstock as cement additive.

It is intended in this study, evaluation of sewage sludge in construction sector. Sewage sludge (SS) is a serious problem in terms of environment and human health. When the past studies were examined about brick production, it was seen that the sewage sludge was used as a raw material in the production of brick. It is therefore thought that clay brick should be substituted with fly ash (FA) and oven slag (OS), which are also sources of environmental problems. Two different temperatures (900 °C and 1050 °C) were studied. Waste materials have been added to clay birck at rates of %5, %10, %15. 10 different mixtures with different proportions of waste materials were produced. Semi-quantitative chemical analysis (XRF), SEM analysis and atterberg limit experiments were has been performed on the materials used. Results of plasticity water, drying shrinkage, glow loss, water absorption, porosity, unit volume weight, density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity coefficient were determined for the sample were determined. SEM analysis was also has been applied to determine the microstructures of the samples. When examining SEM images of the raw materials, it was seen that SS is scattered, OS is spherical and FA is glassy and long molecular structure. In this study also determined that the increase in curing temperature has a positive effect as in the literature. Although the pressure values and sem images of the sewage sludge and oven slag samples may be suitable for use, this result could not be obtained in other experiments. In addition that, The sewage sludge has made a negative effect on the strength of the brick. However, it is suggested that using of the sewage sludges in the construction sector and researches should be continued.