Search

Showing total 390 results
Start Over Publication Year Range Last 3 years Publication Type Reports Journal congressional research service (crs) reports and issue briefs
390 results

1. Design of United States Paper Currency

Author

Straus, Jacob R. and Reese, Shawn

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, United States. Secret Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Money -- Decoration and finishing, Dollar (United States) -- Decoration and finishing
Abstract

Updated February 13, 2023 Paper money has officially been part of United States currency since the Continental Congress authorized a $2 note in June 1776. These first notes were designed […]

Published
2023

2. Stablecoins: Legal Issues and Regulatory Options (Part 1)

Author

Sykes, Jay B.

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Crypto-currencies -- Laws, regulations and rules, Securities law -- Evaluation, Money market funds -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

June 9, 2022 In 2008, the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing a peer-to-peer system of electronic cash. The product of that paper--Bitcoin--now boasts a market capitalization of […]

Published
2022

3. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Usage, Defense industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Defense industry, Government
Abstract

Updated February 1, 2024 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ [...]

Published
2024

4. COVID-19 and the U.S. Timber Industry

Author

Riddle, Anne A.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Economic aspects -- United States, Lumber industry -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Domestic economic assistance -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated July 29, 2021 The timber industry is a diverse commodity industry, wherein cut trees (timber) are converted to a wide variety of articles made from wood (wood products). The […]

Published
2021

5. Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (October 23, 2023-October 29, 2023)

Author

Garcia, Michael John and Gardey, Rosemary W.

Subjects
Legislators -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Constitutional law -- Political aspects, Appellate courts -- Political aspects, Appellate procedure -- Political aspects
Abstract

October 30, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be […]

Published
2023

6. Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information

Author

Mulligan, Stephen P. and Elsea, Jennifer K.

Subjects
Defense information, Classified -- Laws, regulations and rules, National security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Freedom of speech -- Laws, regulations and rules, Disclosure of information -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Evaluation, Freedom of the press -- Laws, regulations and rules, Espionage -- Laws, regulations and rules, Espionage Act of 1917, United States Constitution. 1st Amendment, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated May 11, 2023 Contents Statutory Protection of Classified Information The Espionage Act Section 793: General Protection of National Defense Information Section 794: "Classic Spying" Cases Section 795-797: Images of […]

Published
2023

7. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Defense industry -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Technology application, Government regulation, Defense industry, Market trend/market analysis, Technology application
Abstract

Updated May 15, 2023 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ […]

Published
2023

8. Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Overview and Selected Issues

Author

Sekar, Kavya and Gallo, Marcy E.

Subjects
United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency -- Powers and duties, United States. National Institutes of Health -- Finance, United States. Department of Health and Human Services -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Medical research -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Medicine, Experimental -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Government regulation, Company financing
Abstract

May 23, 2023 Introduction Overview of the Biden Administration's ARPA-H Proposal Congressional Action Executive Action Selected Policy and Oversight Issues Independence and Autonomy Questions and Considerations for Congress Defining ARPA-H's […]

Published
2023

9. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 4: Proposal and Ratification

Author

Murrill, Brandon J.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Control -- United States, Legislators -- Laws, regulations and rules, Fines (Penalties) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Wages -- Laws, regulations and rules, United States Constitution. 27th Amendment, Ethics Reform Act of 1989, Government regulation, Salary
Abstract

March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress's […]

Published
2023

10. How Stable Are Stablecoins?

Author

Su, Eva

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, Crypto-currencies -- Evaluation -- Laws, regulations and rules, Online assets -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Evaluation, Government regulation
Abstract

July 28, 2021 Stablecoins are a type of digital asset generally designed to maintain a stable value by linking its value to another asset or a basket of assets. The […]

Published
2021

11. Using the Federal Income Tax System to Deliver Cash Assistance to Families: Policy Considerations

Author

Crandall-Hollick, Margot L. and Cooper, Cheryl R.

Subjects
United States. Department of the Treasury -- Powers and duties, United States. Internal Revenue Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Tax policy, Retirement benefits -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax credits -- Laws, regulations and rules, Social security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax collection -- Laws, regulations and rules, Income tax -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

Selected Policy Considerations Issue Policy Considerations The Application for Tax Benefits Some information on the 1040 Is the Federal Income Tax Return (i.e., various forms of income) can be accurately […]

Published
2023

12. FDA Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Tests (LDTs)

Author

Sarata, Amanda K.

Subjects
United States. Food and Drug Administration -- Powers and duties, Medical testing products -- Licensing, certification and accreditation
Abstract

Updated December 7, 2022 Laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) are a class of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) device that is designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory. LDTs are often used […]

Published
2022

13. Money Market Mutual Funds: Policy Concerns and Reform Options

Author

Su, Eva

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, Financial markets -- Forecasts and trends, Financial services industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Money market funds -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Financial services industry
Abstract

SUMMARY R47309 November 17, 2022 A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that, under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 2a-7, can invest only in high-quality short-term […]

Published
2022

14. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Usage, Defense industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military maneuvers -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military policy -- Forecasts and trends, Government regulation, Defense industry, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

Updated November 14, 2022 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ […]

Published
2022

15. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Design and construction, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated September 12, 2022 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ […]

Published
2022

16. mRNA Technologies: A Primer

Author

Gallo, Marcy E. and Gottron, Frank

Subjects
Medical research -- Government finance, Medicine, Experimental -- Government finance, Messenger RNA -- Health aspects, Federal aid to research -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

May 24, 2022 Contents Introduction What Is mRNA? mRNA-based Medicine Potential Future Uses Other mRNA-Based Vaccines Cancer Treatments Rare Diseases Research Challenges Federal Support, Market Projections, and Private Investment Federal […]

Published
2022

17. COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs

Author

Schwarzenberg, Andres B.

Subjects
United States. Office of the United States Trade Representative -- Powers and duties, Medical equipment -- Supply and demand -- Imports, Epidemics -- Control -- Social aspects -- United States -- China, Tariffs -- Laws, regulations and rules, Physiological apparatus -- Supply and demand -- Imports, Trade Act of 1974, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated February 16, 2022 Contents Overview Background on Section 301 Tariffs Reinstating Previously Extended Tariff Exclusions Medical-Care and COVID-19 Response Products Outlook Tables Table 1. Section 301 Tariff Exclusion Extensions […]

Published
2022

18. Organ Transplant Candidacy and COVID-19 Vaccination Status

Author

Sussman, Jared S.

Subjects
United States. Department of Health and Human Services -- Powers and duties, United States. Health Resources and Services Administration -- Powers and duties, Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. -- Laws, regulations and rules, Vaccination -- Laws, regulations and rules, Trade and professional associations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Donation of organs, tissues, etc. -- Laws, regulations and rules, National Organ Transplant Act of 1984, Government regulation
Abstract

February 4, 2022 A series of recent media reports have highlighted a current policy among at least some transplant centers to deny potential transplant patients the ability to be waitlisted […]

Published
2022

19. Corporate Tax Reform: Issues for Congress

Author

Gravelle, Jane G.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Tax reform -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax policy -- Evaluation, Corporations -- Taxation, Government regulation
Abstract

Contents Introduction The Corporate Tax as a Revenue Source Magnitude and Historical Pattern The Role of the Corporate Tax in Backstopping the Individual Tax Behavioral Responses and Revenue-Maximizing Tax Rate […]

Published
2021

20. The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues

Author

Guenther, Gary

Subjects
Depreciation -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Tax law -- Evaluation, Taxpayer compliance -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Economic growth -- Forecasts and trends, Income tax -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Tax law, Market trend/market analysis, Government, Internal Revenue Code
Abstract

Updated February 7, 2024 Contents IRC Section 179 Expensing Structure of the Expensing Allowance Qualified Assets Limitations on IRC Section 179 Expensing Claiming the Allowance IRC Section 168(k) Repealed Option [...]

Published
2024

21. Federal Reserve: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress

Author

Labonte, Marc

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Monetary policy -- Forecasts and trends, Banking law -- Evaluation, Payment -- Laws, regulations and rules, Interest rates -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government
Abstract

Updated February 6, 2024 Contents Introduction Structure Monetary Policy The Post-Financial Crisis Monetary Policy Framework High Inflation and Higher Interest Rates Normalizing the Fed's Balance Sheet Losses on the Fed's [...]

Published
2024

22. Outer Limits of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf: Background and Issues for Congress

Author

Keating-Bitonti, Caitlin

Subjects
United States. Department of State -- Powers and duties, United States. Geological Survey -- Powers and duties, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Conservation of natural resources -- Laws, regulations and rules, National security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Continental shelf -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Protection and preservation, Government regulation, Government, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, International Seabed Authority -- Powers and duties
Abstract

February 7, 2024 Contents Determining the Extent of the Continental Shelf Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Project U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Project Activities [...]

Published
2024

23. Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, National security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military strategy -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military policy -- Forecasts and trends, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government
Abstract

affected by rapid technological advancements and the changing character of war.... New technologies include advanced computing, 'big data' analytics, artificial intelligence, autonomy, robotics, directed energy, hypersonics, and biotechnology--the very technologies [...]

Published
2024

24. Economic Forecasts and Projections: Fact Sheet

Author

Leubsdorf, Ben

Subjects
United States. Office of Management and Budget -- Powers and duties, United States. Federal Open Market Committee -- Reports, United States. Social Security Administration -- Reports, United States. Congressional Budget Office -- Reports, United States. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta -- Reports, United States economic conditions -- Forecasts and trends, Economic forecasting -- Evaluation, Market trend/market analysis, Government, International Monetary Fund -- Reports
Abstract

Updated February 12, 2024 Contents Background Selected Sources Congressional Budget Office Federal Open Market Committee Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia International Monetary Fund Office of [...]

Published
2024

25. Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Issues

Author

Guenther, Gary

Subjects
United States. Internal Revenue Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Capital gains tax -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax law -- Evaluation, Wages -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax deductions -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Tax law, Salary, Government
Abstract

Updated February 28, 2024 Contents Introduction Structure of the Deduction Economic Effects of the Deduction Use of the Deduction Investment Employment and Wages Tax Administration and Taxpayer Compliance Tax Administration [...]

Published
2024

26. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Adopt Alternative Credit Scores

Author

Getter, Darryl E.

Subjects
United States. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau -- Powers and duties, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. -- Laws, regulations and rules, Mortgage banks -- Laws, regulations and rules, Consumer credit -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government, Fannie Mae Foundation -- Laws, regulations and rules
Abstract

February 8, 2024 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, government-sponsored enterprises that collectively guarantee the default risks for a large share of U.S. single-family mortgages, are adopting scoring metrics that incorporate [...]

Published
2024

27. The Fed's Balance Sheet and Quantitative Tightening

Author

Labonte, Marc

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, Monetary policy -- Forecasts and trends, Treasury securities -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government
Abstract

Updated February 6, 2024 The size and composition of the Federal Reserve's (Fed's) balance sheet is a product of its monetary policy and lender-of-last-resort decisions. The Fed has responded to [...]

Published
2024

28. Identifying Minors Online

Author

Cho, Clare Y.

Subjects
United States. Transportation Security Administration -- Political activity -- Analysis, United States. Federal Trade Commission -- Analysis -- Political activity, United States. Government Accountability Office -- Analysis -- Political activity, United States. Social Security Administration -- Political activity -- Analysis, United States. Department of Homeland Security -- Analysis -- Political activity, United States. National Institute of Standards and Technology -- Political activity -- Analysis, United States. Congress -- Political activity -- Analysis, Instagram (Online service) -- Political aspects, Facebook (Online social network) -- Political aspects, Safety regulations -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Wireless telephone software -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Privacy -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Legislators -- Political activity -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Information services industry -- Political aspects -- Analysis -- Political activity, Social media -- Political aspects -- Analysis, Mobile applications -- Political aspects -- Analysis, Web sites -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Information services -- Political aspects -- Analysis -- Political activity, Automobile drivers' licenses -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Company Web site/Web page, Privacy issue, Information services industry, Meta Platforms Inc. -- Political activity
Abstract

January 2, 2024 Contents Methods Used to Identify Minors Online Self-Identification or User Attestation Documentation Digital ID Consumer Data Policy Considerations for Legislation Support for Research Requirements for Federal Agencies […]

Published
2024

29. Section 230: An Overview

Author

Brannon, Valerie C. and Holmes, Eric N.

Subjects
United States. Federal Trade Commission -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, United States. Federal Communications Commission -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, United States. Supreme Court -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Facebook (Online social network), Reddit (Online social network), Snapchat (Online social network), Craigslist (Website), Computer software industry -- International economic relations, Internet service providers -- International economic relations, Online services -- International economic relations, Information services industry -- International economic relations, Intellectual property law, Online information services -- International economic relations, Foreclosure -- Laws, regulations and rules, Telecommunication -- Laws, regulations and rules, Computer services industry -- International economic relations, Criminal law, Computers -- Services, Information services -- International economic relations, Periodical publishing -- International economic relations, Batzel v. Smith 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003), Government regulation, Online information service, Computer services industry, Government communications regulation, Internet service provider, Information services industry, Online Inc. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, Craigslist Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Lycos Inc. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, AOL Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Yahoo! Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, reddit inc. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, Prodigy Services Co. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, Stratton Oakmont Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Meta Platforms Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Google L.L.C. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, CompuServe Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Microsoft Corp. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules
Abstract

Updated January 4, 2024 Contents Text and Legislative History Section 104: Online Family Empowerment Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co Judicial Interpretation Section 230(c)(1): Publisher Activity Early Interpretations: Zeran […]

Published
2024

30. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use

Author

Casey, Christopher A., Rennack, Dianne E., and Elsea, Jennifer K.

Subjects
United States. Department of State -- Political activity -- International economic relations, United States. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary -- Political activity -- International economic relations, United States. Department of Commerce -- Political activity -- International economic relations, United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs -- Political activity -- International economic relations, United States. Office of Foreign Assets Control -- International economic relations -- Political activity, United States. Congress -- Political activity -- International economic relations, United Nations. International Court of Justice -- Political activity -- Political aspects, United Nations. Security Council -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Exports -- Political aspects -- Usage -- Economic aspects, National security -- Political aspects -- Economic aspects -- Usage, Foreign investments -- Usage, Executive power -- Economic aspects -- Political aspects -- Usage, Trading with the Enemy Act, Export Administration Act of 1979, International Emergency Economic Powers Act, National Emergencies Act of 1976, TikTok Inc. -- International economic relations
Abstract

Updated January 30, 2024 Contents Introduction Origins The First World War and the Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA) The Expansion of TWEA The Efforts of Congress to Limit Executive […]

Published
2024

31. The Disaster Relief Fund: Overview and Issues

Author

Painter, William L.

Subjects
United States. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division -- Government finance -- Political activity -- Management, United States. Department of Housing and Urban Development -- Government finance -- Political activity -- Management, United States. Department of Homeland Security -- Government finance -- Political activity -- Management, United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency -- Government finance -- Political activity -- Management, Natural disasters -- Political aspects -- Government finance, Disaster relief -- Government finance -- Political aspects, Budget Control Act of 2011, Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Company business management
Abstract

Updated January 22, 2024 Contents Introduction What is the Disaster Relief Fund and how is it used? What determines whether an incident qualifies as an emergency or disaster? Does all […]

Published
2024

32. Nuclear Energy: Overview of Congressional Issues

Author

Holt, Mark

Subjects
United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Energy and Commerce -- Political activity, United States. Department of Energy -- Political activity, United States. Energy Information Administration -- Political activity, United States. Nuclear Regulatory Commission -- Political activity, United States. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources -- Political activity, United States. Senate -- Political activity, International Atomic Energy Agency -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Independent regulatory commissions -- Political aspects, Nuclear weapons -- Waste management, Refuse and refuse disposal -- Political aspects, Energy policy -- Waste management, Radioactive waste sites -- Political aspects, Natural resources -- Texas -- Russia -- Japan -- Iran -- China -- Saudi Arabia -- France -- Canada, Sustainable development -- Political aspects, Nuclear reactors -- Waste management, Nuclear power plants -- Waste management, Greenhouse gases -- Political aspects, Tax credits -- Political aspects, Natural gas -- Waste management, Nuclear industry -- Waste management -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Alternative energy sources -- Political aspects, Spent reactor fuels -- Waste management, Air pollution -- Political aspects, Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. -- Political activity -- Waste management
Abstract

Updated January 17, 2024 Contents Synthesis of Key Issues Basic Facts and Statistics Major Nuclear Energy Issues Advanced Nuclear Technology Recent Events Selected Congressional Action--118th Congress CRS Reports Additional References […]

Published
2024

33. Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress

Author

O'Rourke, Ronald, Comay, Laura B., Frittelli, John, Keating-Bitonti, Caitlin, Ramseur, Jonathan L., and Sheikh, Pervaze A.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Political activity, United States. Department of State -- Political activity, United States. Government Accountability Office -- Political activity, United States. National Science Foundation -- Political activity, United States. Geological Survey -- Political activity, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- Political activity, United States. Coast Guard -- Political activity, United States. North Pacific Fishery Management Council -- Political activity, United States. Senate -- Political activity, United States. Congress -- Political activity, United States. Navy -- Political activity, International Seabed Authority -- Political activity -- Political aspects, European Union -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Arctic Council -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Nordic Council of Ministers -- Political aspects -- Political activity, United Nations -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Greenhouse gases -- Political aspects, Arctic research -- Political aspects, News agencies -- Political activity -- Political aspects, International law -- Political aspects, Global temperature changes -- Political aspects, Petroleum industry -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Wildlife conservation -- Political aspects, Oil and gas exploration -- Political aspects, Sea ice -- Political aspects, Air pollution -- Political aspects, Winter storms -- Political aspects, Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, British Petroleum Company PLC -- Political activity, Shell Oil Co. -- Political activity, The Associated Press -- Political activity
Abstract

Updated January 18, 2024 Contents Introduction Background Definitions of the Arctic Arctic Circle Definition Definition in Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 Other Definitions Population of the Arctic […]

Published
2024

34. Supreme Court to Consider Request to Stay EPA's Good Neighbor Interstate Air Pollution Rule

Author

Bowers, Kate R.

Subjects
United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Administrative agencies, Air quality management, Environmental law, Air pollution
Abstract

Updated January 24, 2024 On February 21, 2024, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear argument on applications to postpone implementation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) 'Good Neighbor […]

Published
2024

35. Farm Bill Primer: Forestry Title

Author

Riddle, Anne A.

Subjects
Bills, Legislative -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Political aspects, Sustainable forestry -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Agricultural policy -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Environmental protection -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Forest management -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Natural resources -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated January 9, 2024 Forest management generally, as well as forest research and forestry assistance, is within the jurisdiction of the agriculture committees in Congress. Although most forestry programs are […]

Published
2024

36. Temporary Protected Status and Deferred Enforced Departure

Author

Wilson, Jill H.

Subjects
United States. Department of State -- Political activity, United States. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations -- Political activity, United States. Citizenship and Immigration Services -- Political activity, United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Homeland Security -- Political activity, United States. Department of Homeland Security -- Political activity, United States. Department of Justice -- Political activity, United States. Congressional Research Service -- Political activity, United Nations. Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Natural disasters -- Nicaragua -- Yemen -- Myanmar -- Nepal -- Haiti -- Liberia -- South Sudan -- Ethiopia -- Sudan -- Somalia -- China -- El Salvador -- Honduras -- Cameroon -- Afghanistan -- Ukraine -- Venezuela -- Syria -- Hong Kong, Bills, Legislative -- Political aspects, Emigration and immigration -- Political aspects, Violence -- Political aspects
Abstract

Updated December 11, 2023 Contents Background Humanitarian Response Temporary Protected Status Deferred Enforced Departure Historical Use of Blanket Relief Current TPS and DED Designations Afghanistan Burma Cameroon Central American Countries […]

Published
2023

37. Cohort Default Rates and HEA Title IV Eligibility: Background and Analysis

Author

Hegji, Alexandra and Bryan, Sylvia L.

Subjects
United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Education and Labor -- Analysis, United States. Department of Education -- Analysis, United States. Government Accountability Office -- Analysis, United States. Congress -- Analysis, Student loans -- Analysis, Education, Higher -- Analysis
Abstract

December 12, 2023 Contents History of Cohort Default Rates 1975 HEW Regulatory Actions 1980s and 1990s Student Loan Default Issues Congressional and Departmental Action The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of […]

Published
2023

38. Congressional Control over the Supreme Court

Author

Lampe, Joanna R.

Subjects
United States. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary -- Political activity, United States. Supreme Court -- Political activity, Supreme Court justices -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Judicial selection -- Political aspects, Judicial ethics -- Political aspects, Courts -- Political aspects, Separation of powers -- Political aspects, Judicial candidates -- Political aspects
Abstract

Updated December 6, 2023 Contents Legal and Historical Background Changes to the Size of the Supreme Court History and Practice on the Size of the Court Constitutionality of Changes to […]

Published
2023

39. Admission of States to the Union: A Historical Reference Guide

Author

Leubsdorf, Ben, Marchsteiner, Kathleen E., and Wilson, Carol

Subjects
United States. National Archives and Records Administration -- Political activity, United States. Government Publishing Office -- Political activity, United States. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs -- Political activity, United States. Congress -- Political activity, Louisiana Purchase, 1803 -- Political aspects, Autonomy -- Political aspects, Articles of Confederation, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848, United States-Mexico
Abstract

Updated December 5, 2023 Contents Introduction Overview About This Report Sources, Compilations, and Additional Resources Summary Tables Statehood Timelines Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii […]

Published
2023

40. Impeachment and the Constitution

Author

Cole, Jared P. and Garvey, Todd

Subjects
United States. House of Representatives -- Political activity -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Analysis, United States. Department of Justice -- Analysis -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Political activity, United States. Senate -- Political activity -- Analysis -- Laws, regulations and rules, New York. Supreme Court -- Analysis -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Political activity, Supreme Court justices -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Analysis -- Political activity, Bribery -- Political aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Analysis, Separation of powers -- Political aspects -- Analysis -- Laws, regulations and rules, Impeachments -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Hotels and motels -- United Kingdom -- Florida -- United States, Pardon -- Analysis -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Political aspects, United States Constitution. 2d Article, section 2, clause 2, Tenure of Office Act, Government regulation, The Watergate Hotel -- Laws, regulations and rules
Abstract

Updated December 6, 2023 Contents Introduction Historical Background on Impeachment English and Colonial Practice Choices of the Framers: An 'Americanized' Impeachment System Impeachment Trials High Crimes and Misdemeanors The Role […]

Published
2023

41. The Presidential Records Act: An Overview

Author

Stuessy, Meghan M.

Subjects
United States. National Archives and Records Administration -- Officials and employees -- Political activity, United States. Department of Justice -- Officials and employees -- Political activity, United States. Congress -- Officials and employees -- Political activity, Executive privilege (Government information) -- Political aspects, Electronic records -- Political aspects, Freedom of Information Act, Federal Records Act of 1950, Presidential Records Act of 1978
Abstract

Updated December 18, 2023 Contents The Institutions Defining Presidential Records Creators of Presidential Records Presidential versus Personal Records Presidential Transition Materials Who Decides If Information Is a Presidential Record? Improper […]

Published
2023

42. Resources for Financial Market Data

Author

Leubsdorf, Ben

Subjects
United States. Financial Stability Oversight Council -- International economic relations, United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- International economic relations, United States. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. -- International economic relations, International Monetary Fund, Crypto-currencies -- Forecasts and trends, Student loans -- Forecasts and trends, Stock markets -- Forecasts and trends, Information services industry -- Forecasts and trends -- International economic relations, Bonds -- Forecasts and trends, Newspaper publishing -- Forecasts and trends -- International economic relations, Commodity markets -- Forecasts and trends, Information services -- Forecasts and trends -- International economic relations, Stock market, Market trend/market analysis, Information services industry, Bloomberg L.P. -- International economic relations -- Forecasts and trends, Dow Jones & Company Inc. -- International economic relations -- Forecasts and trends
Abstract

Updated December 7, 2023 Contents Introduction Selected Data Resources Stocks and Investment Funds Selected Stock Indexes Individual Companies and Funds Interest Rates and Debt Securities General Data Sources Mortgages and […]

Published
2023

43. Nuclear Energy: Overview of Congressional Issues

Author

Holt, Mark

Subjects
Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems -- Political activity, United States. Department of Defense -- Political activity, United States. Department of State -- Political activity, United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Energy and Commerce -- Political activity, United States. Department of Energy -- Political activity, United States. Energy Information Administration -- Political activity, United States. Nuclear Regulatory Commission -- Political activity, United States. Senate -- Political activity, International Atomic Energy Agency -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Independent regulatory commissions -- Political aspects, Bills, Legislative -- Political aspects, Nuclear weapons -- Waste management, Refuse and refuse disposal -- Political aspects, Energy policy -- Waste management, Radioactive waste sites -- Political aspects, Natural resources -- Texas -- Russia -- Iran -- Saudi Arabia -- China -- Japan, Sustainable development -- Political aspects, Task forces -- Political aspects, Nuclear reactors -- Waste management, Nuclear power plants -- Waste management, Greenhouse gases -- Political aspects, Tax credits -- Political aspects, Natural gas -- Waste management, Nuclear industry -- Waste management -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Alternative energy sources -- Political aspects, Spent reactor fuels -- Waste management, Air pollution -- Political aspects, Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. -- Political activity -- Waste management
Abstract

Updated December 8, 2023 Contents Synthesis of Key Issues 1 Basic Facts and Statistics 2 Major Nuclear Energy Issues 4 Advanced Nuclear Technology 4 Recent Events 5 Selected Congressional Action-118th […]

Published
2023

44. Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (December 18-December 25, 2023)

Author

Garcia, Michael John and Sokol, Karen

Subjects
Right to bear arms -- Cases, Transportation policy -- Cases, Child pornography -- Cases, Liability (Law) -- Cases, Criminals -- Cases, Company legal issue
Abstract

Updated December 26, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may […]

Published
2023

45. Is Climate Change Influencing Wildfires? Climate Change Effects on Wildfires in the United States

Author

Haskett, Jonathan D. and Riddle, Anne A.

Subjects
United States. Forest Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Environmental policy -- Forecasts and trends, Climatic changes -- Influence -- Forecasts and trends, Environmental protection -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Wildfires -- Forecasts and trends -- Management, Government regulation, Company business management, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

December 15, 2023 According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), climate change-driven increases in temperature, drought, and atmospheric drying have led to an increase in wildfire risk and […]

Published
2023

46. Impeachment Investigations, Part II: Access

Author

Garvey, Todd

Subjects
United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Oversight and Accountability -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Executive privilege (Government information) -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Evaluation, Impeachments -- Investigations -- Evaluation, Company legal issue, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated December 15, 2023 On December 13, 2023, the House directed a trio of House committees to "continue their ongoing investigations ... into whether sufficient grounds exist" to impeach President […]

Published
2023

47. School Meals and Other Child Nutrition Programs: Background and Funding

Author

Billings, Kara Clifford

Subjects
United States. Government Accountability Office -- Government finance, United States. Department of Agriculture -- Government finance, United States. Commodity Credit Corp. -- Government finance, United States. Congress -- Government finance, Food Research and Action Center, High schools -- Forecasts and trends -- Government finance, Hunger -- Forecasts and trends -- Government finance, School lunches -- Government finance -- Forecasts and trends, Vegetables -- Government finance -- Forecasts and trends, Nutrition -- Requirements, Teaching -- Equipment and supplies, School lunchrooms, cafeterias, etc. -- Government finance -- Forecasts and trends, Child care -- Government finance -- Forecasts and trends, National school lunch program -- Forecasts and trends -- Government finance, Child Nutrition Act of 1966, Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

Updated December 18, 2023 Contents Background 1 Child Nutrition Program Operations During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Child Nutrition Funding 5 Federal Funding 5 Per-Meal Cash Reimbursements 6 Summer EBT Benefits […]

Published
2023

48. Long-Term Services and Supports: History of Federal Policy and Programs

Author

Colello, Kirsten J.

Subjects
United States. Social Security Administration, United States. Department of Health and Human Services, United States. Congress, Medical care, Cost of, Aged, Home care, Family, Long-term care insurance, Medicaid, Health care industry, Facility management industry, Self-care, Health, Consumer education, Health care industry
Abstract

December 20, 2023 Contents Role of Public Financing in LTSS Medicaid and LTSS Coverage Nursing Facility Services Home and Community-Based Services Authorizing Medicaid HCBS Waiver Programs Community Integration: The Olmstead […]

Published
2023

49. Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Under the Inflation Reduction Act: Industry Responses and Potential Effects

Author

Hickey, Kevin J., Kirchhoff, Suzanne M., and Rogers, Hannah-Alise

Subjects
United States. Food and Drug Administration -- Political activity, United States. Department of Health and Human Services -- Political activity, Medicare -- Political aspects, Biological products -- Political aspects, Drugs -- Prescribing -- Political aspects, Inflation (Finance) -- United States -- Ohio -- Germany -- United Kingdom, Drug approval -- Political aspects, Marketing -- Political aspects, Pharmaceutical industry -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Merck & Company Inc. -- Political activity, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. -- Political activity, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH -- Political activity, AstraZeneca PLC -- Political activity
Abstract

December 8, 2023 Contents Medicare Coverage of Prescription Drugs Selected Drug Negotiation Provisions of the IRA Drugs Eligible for Negotiation MFP Ceiling Industry Responses to IRA Negotiation Program Orphan Drug […]

Published
2023

50. Deficit Spending During Higher Inflation and Interest Rates: Implications for Debt Sustainability

Author

Weinstock, Lida R.

Subjects
Sustainable development -- Economic aspects -- Statistics, Exports -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Employers -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Medium term notes -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Fiscal policy -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Deficit financing -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Inflation (Finance) -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Unemployment -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Economic growth -- Economic aspects -- Statistics, Interest rates -- Statistics -- Economic aspects, Business cycles -- Economic aspects -- Statistics, Company pricing policy
Abstract

December 18, 2023 Contents Introduction Fiscal Policy and Economic Theory Benefits of Expansionary Fiscal Policy Short-Term Risks of Expansionary Fiscal Policy Rising Interest Rate Risk Rising Inflation Risk Risks of […]

Published
2023