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8. Health-related articles on Syria before and after the start of armed conflict: a scoping review for The Lancet-American University of Beirut Commission on Syria

Author

Abdul-Khalek, Rima A., Kayyal, Walaa, Akkawi, Abdul Rahman, Almalla, Mohamad, Arif, Khurram, Bou-Karroum, Lama, El-Harakeh, Amena, Elzalabany, Manal K., Fadlallah, Racha, Ghaddar, Fatima, Kashlan, Danna, Kassas, Sara, Khater, Tania, Mobayed, Nisreen, Rahme, Dalal, Saifi, Omran, Jabbour, Samer, El-Jardali, Fadi, Akl, Elie A., and Jawad, Mohammed

Published
2020
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12. Introduction to collection: confronting the challenges of health research in humanitarian crises

Author

Amit S. Mistry, Brandon A. Kohrt, Blythe Beecroft, Nalini Anand, and Iman Nuwayhid

Subjects
Humanitarian crisis, Natural disaster, Disease outbreak, Conflict, Displaced populations, Refugees, Special situations and conditions, RC952-1245, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Abstract Background Humanitarian crises, such as armed conflict, forced displacement, natural disasters, and major disease outbreaks, take a staggering toll on human health, especially in low-resource settings. Yet there is a dearth of robust evidence to inform the governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other humanitarian organizations on how to best respond to them. The Fogarty International Center of the U.S. National Institutes of Health commissioned a collection of Research in Practice articles that highlights the experiences of scientists conducting research in the context of humanitarian crises. Unlike traditional research papers, the case analyses in this collection go beyond what research was completed and focus on why the research was important and how it was conducted in these extremely challenging settings. Discussion The papers selected for this collection span 27 countries, cover a broad range of humanitarian crises, and discuss a wide variety of disease and health risk factors. Of the 23 papers in the collection, 17 include an author from the affected country and five papers were authored by humanitarian NGOs. Throughout the collection, 43% of the authors were from low- and middle-income countries. Across the collection, some general themes emerged that are broadly applicable. Importantly, there is a clear need for more, high-quality research to address evidence gaps. Community engagement, already a key element to global health research, was highlighted as especially important for research involving populations dealing with severe trauma and disruption. Partnership with humanitarian actors, including local governments, local and international NGOs, and UN agencies, was found to be a critical strategy as well. Conclusion A variety of audiences will find this collection useful. Global health educators can utilize papers to facilitate discussion around public health practice and equitable partnerships, among other topics. Humanitarian response organizations may use the collection to consider how research may inform and improve their work. Global health researchers, funders, and other stakeholders may use the collection to stimulate dialogue around key scientific research questions and better appreciate the importance of conducting research in humanitarian crises in the context of achieving broader global health goals.

Published
2021
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17. Researching violence against women and girls in South Sudan: ethical and safety considerations and strategies

Author

Manuel Contreras-Urbina, Alexandra Blackwell, Maureen Murphy, and Mary Ellsberg

Subjects
Conflict, Emergencies, Ethics, Gender-based violence, Humanitarian, Research, Special situations and conditions, RC952-1245, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Abstract Background Globally, it is estimated that at least one out of every three women experiences violence by an intimate partner and/or non-partner throughout their lifetime. Women and girls are at even higher risk of violence in conflict and humanitarian crises. Although effort has expanded to build rigorous evidence and research on violence against women and girls (VAWG) among conflict-affected populations, methodological and ethical challenges remain. Basic ethical research practices are more challenging in conflict-affected populations and therefore require supplementary protections. While it is important to follow international ethical guidelines, in practice it is sometimes difficult depending on the setting. The aim of this paper is to present the main ethical challenges that occur when conducting research on VAWG in conflict and humanitarian settings, as well as potential strategies to address these challenges, based on a recent study carried out in South Sudan in 2016. Case presentation This paper provides an analysis utilizing the World Health Organization guidelines on doing research on VAWG and in conflict and humanitarian settings. The paper analyses four main components: the first component is a risk-benefit assessment, which includes identifying the research gap and evaluating feasibility with local stakeholders. The second component is a methodological and conceptual approach, which involves both local stakeholders and external experts in order to develop flexible methods that can be used in a volatile conflict setting. The third component is safety considerations, which emphasizes the importance of collaborating with a partner with strong local networks. The last component is analysis and research uptake. This component describes the importance of developing different research products, and disseminating them in a way to ensure they would be relevant and minimize any risks to the participants. Conclusions The study in South Sudan provided an excellent opportunity to put into practice the international ethical guidelines to carry out research on VAWG in conflict and humanitarian settings. The study enabled the research team to reflect on the guidelines and develop strategies to cope with new methodological and ethical challenges that arose in this complex setting, adapting the guidelines, as necessary. It demonstrated the necessity of developing a strong yet adaptable methodology with multiple alternative plans to solve any safety or ethical issues that occur throughout the entirety of the study. It also revealed the importance of collaborating with an implementing partner and gathering input from both local and international stakeholders on research design, analysis and uptake. Most importantly, the study in South Sudan emphasized that this type of complex research requires significant planning, in addition to substantial financial and human resources. Donor buy-in and flexibility is therefore essential.

Published
2019
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20. The integration of ortho-plastic limb salvage teams in the humanitarian response to violence-related open tibial fractures: evaluating outcomes in the Gaza Strip

Author

Farhat, Theresa, Moussally, Krystel, Nahouli, Hasan, Hamad, Shahd Abu, Qaraya, Khulood Abul, Abdul-Sater, Zahi, El Sheikh, Walaa G., Jawad, Nadine, Al Sedawi, Khouloud, Obaid, Mohammed, AbuKhoussa, Hafez, Nyaruhirira, Innocent, Tamim, Hani, Hettiaratchy, Shehan, Bull, Anthony M. J., and Abu-Sittah, Ghassan

Published
2024
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40. Introduction to collection: confronting the challenges of health research in humanitarian crises

Author

Brandon A. Kohrt, Blythe Beecroft, Iman Nuwayhid, Amit S. Mistry, and Nalini Anand

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Conflict, Displaced populations, Humanitarian crisis, Context (language use), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Political science, medicine, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Natural disaster, Disease outbreak, Refugees, Community engagement, business.industry, RC86-88.9, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Health services research, RC952-1245, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, Public relations, Special situations and conditions, General partnership, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Background Humanitarian crises, such as armed conflict, forced displacement, natural disasters, and major disease outbreaks, take a staggering toll on human health, especially in low-resource settings. Yet there is a dearth of robust evidence to inform the governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other humanitarian organizations on how to best respond to them. The Fogarty International Center of the U.S. National Institutes of Health commissioned a collection of Research in Practice articles that highlights the experiences of scientists conducting research in the context of humanitarian crises. Unlike traditional research papers, the case analyses in this collection go beyond what research was completed and focus on why the research was important and how it was conducted in these extremely challenging settings. Discussion The papers selected for this collection span 27 countries, cover a broad range of humanitarian crises, and discuss a wide variety of disease and health risk factors. Of the 23 papers in the collection, 17 include an author from the affected country and five papers were authored by humanitarian NGOs. Throughout the collection, 43% of the authors were from low- and middle-income countries. Across the collection, some general themes emerged that are broadly applicable. Importantly, there is a clear need for more, high-quality research to address evidence gaps. Community engagement, already a key element to global health research, was highlighted as especially important for research involving populations dealing with severe trauma and disruption. Partnership with humanitarian actors, including local governments, local and international NGOs, and UN agencies, was found to be a critical strategy as well. Conclusion A variety of audiences will find this collection useful. Global health educators can utilize papers to facilitate discussion around public health practice and equitable partnerships, among other topics. Humanitarian response organizations may use the collection to consider how research may inform and improve their work. Global health researchers, funders, and other stakeholders may use the collection to stimulate dialogue around key scientific research questions and better appreciate the importance of conducting research in humanitarian crises in the context of achieving broader global health goals.

Published
2021