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We explore the politics of the formal relations between sending states and their citizens abroad, particularly the extent to which democratizing states encourage their extra-territorial populations to exercise their citizenship rights and responsibilities. Specifically, we assess the "democratic-inclusion hypothesis," which views diasporas or expatriates as one of many groups that historically have been excluded from formal citizenship, but in the contemporary era have reason to expect to be accorded a full package of civil, political, and social rights as democracy takes root. For diasporas, complete recognition of citizenship also entails toleration of dual ormultiple citizenship. To evaluate our hypothesis, we examine the politics of dual citizenship, as well as rights and responsibilities granted to expatriates, from three states - Spain, Armenia, and Mexico - that democratized at different times under different conditions. Our analysis yields some support for the democratic- inclusion hypothesis as well as some important qualifications.Where formal citizenship obligations are more onerous, states appear to be more reluctant to recognize diaspora citizenship rights. Variables such as historical grievances (e.g., genocide), threat of war, significant demographic imbalances, and elite calculations about the political role of citizens abroad may distort the bundle of citizenship rights and obligations extended to diasporas. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a two-dimensional perspective of national identity, which allows better understanding of those important phenomena concerning the change of national identity in Taiwan. Using data collected from various nationwide interview surveys, it has been found that the pattern of national identity change in the country is that Chinese identity has been able to remain stable while Taiwanese identity was on a rapid surge. The co-existence of two national identities has the result that a large portion of people uphold dual national identity.

Traces the evolution of identity politics among persons of Mexican ancestry residing in the U.S. by their use of descriptive labels and the ideological attachments inherent in those labels from 1960s to year 2004. Ideology inherent in choice of label; Dual citizenship and dual nationality; Context of identity politics among persons of Mexican ancestry in the 21st century.

This paper explores legal pluralism in West Africa and its relationship to women?s rights as citizens. The study explains that three factors are required to protect women?s rights in democratizing states: 1) increased legitimacy of civil judicial structures; 2) increased education concerning citizen?s rights in democratic society and; 3) recognition of the political and economic character of the conflict over constitutional and ?customary? or religious law. This analysis includes a discussion of citizenship in Africa and an examination of the concepts of dual authority and dual citizenship. The following section explains the role of judicial legitimacy and constitutional literacy in protecting citizen rights. By focusing on the political nature of the discourse on protecting religious and customary norms in Mali, Nigeria and Benin, the debate is expunged from a purely cultural arena. Analyzing power and how it relates to women in plural societies is critical to better understanding of democracy and the position of women in these states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the concept of citizenship has received considerable scholarly attention in recent years, few studies focus on the increasingly prevalent reality of dual citizenship, or full membership--with its respective rights, privileges, and obligations--in two different countries. In today’s mobile, interconnected, and international world, more and more people are holding two passports and have the right to vote in two countries. Dual citizenship raises a host of important questions for democratic theory and comparative politics. The main objective of this paper is to conceptualize, measure, and classify variation in dual citizenship in the 15 countries of the European Union. In addition to recounting the historical opposition to dual citizenship and describing its emergence in recent decades, the paper develops a coding scheme that accounts for some of the intricacies involved in dual citizenship, and applies it to the EU countries. The findings point to surprisingly resilient, and historically rooted, national differences that stand out in contrast to the EU’s institutional "harmonization" in so many other areas. Check author’s web site for an updated version of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores citizenship and democratization in Ethiopia. The Siltie referendum demonstrates that formal political institutions can be used to resolve competing ethnic group claims in Ethiopia. However, it also confirms the need to complement formal political institutions with informal and semi-formal social, political, and educational forums and associations to maintain democracy. Formal political institutions offer an opportunity to broach and resolve the issue of dual citizenship in Ethiopia.