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Comparative research on the second generation in Europe and the US has demonstrated the significance of educational systems in determining socio-economic outcomes for children of immigrants. However, an institutional approach to the study of the second-generation incorporation needs to employ a broader perspective, both in terms of the countries included in comparative studies and in what institutional features that are examined. This article investigates the Norwegian second generation's pathways through the educational system and into elite positions in the labour market. Two data sources are combined: First, populationwide administrative data on elite educational attainments and occupational statuses of majority natives and children of labour immigrants originating from Pakistan, Turkey, India and Morocco. Second, in-depth interviews with 62 second-generation individuals from the same origins currently employed as doctors, lawyers and business professionals. Exploring their pathways to their current positions, we investigate the role of Norway's egalitarian educational system - characterized by high levels of standardization and low levels of stratification; a range of possibilities to change tracks; and a high-quality public university system free of charge - in enabling them to translate their aspirations into educational achievements and their current labour market positions. The paper contributes to the further development of integration context theory by adding an egalitarian welfare state context into the mix and by specifying the institutional determinants of second generation success in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the subjective understanding of success and socioeconomic mobility of three second generation groups, Mexicans in the US, North African in France and Turks in Germany. Accounting for the desire for upward social mobility among members of the three groups, we investigate how children of immigrants perceive their social positions including their educational experiences and early labor market experiences. Despite their disadvantaged position, Mexican Americans regard their experiences as considerable success given their significant departure from their parents' meagre statuses and ability to fulfil expectations set within a materialist and consumerist society. French North Africans, on the other hand, emphasize their limited ability to experience upward mobility as a result of the restrictions imposed on them by French society and especially schools in a context that strongly values formal credentials. Children of immigrants from Turkey by comparison put faith in the tracking system as a conduit to good, stable jobs, but encounter labor market discrimination when they finish their studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on immigrant African Americans is slowly increasing, but more studies are needed particularly in regard to specific ethnic groups and their second-generation offspring. We investigate socioeconomic outcomes among second-generation African Americans focusing on those from English-speaking countries in West Africa including Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone (GLNS). We use data from the 2010-2017 Current Population Surveys to impute ethnicity on the basis of country of parental birth. Results for generalized ordered logit models for men reveal that GLNS are more likely to have a bachelor's degree than third-plus-generation whites, third-plus-generation blacks, second-generation whites, other-second-generation blacks, but not second-generation Asians. Among women, GLNS are more likely to have a bachelor's degree than all of these groups. OLS estimates of regressions of wages show that net of education, age, marital status, and having children, GLNS men are not disadvantaged relative to third-plus-generation whites in contrast to the disadvantage of 7 percent for other-secondgeneration blacks and 18 percent for third-plus-generation blacks. In regard to women, neither GLNS nor other-second-generation blacks are disadvantaged relative to third-plus-generation whites in contrast to the disadvantage of 8 percent for third-plus-generation blacks. Overall, these findings highlight the significance of ethnic diversity and gender among African Americans. The high socioeconomic attainments of GLNS are noteworthy because not only do they have higher levels of educational attainment but also their wages are commensurately rewarded in the labor market at a rate similar to mainstream whites. The results for secondgeneration GLNS do not show a net racial disadvantage at least in regard to educational attainment and wages. By contrast, other-second-generation black men continue to have a net racial disadvantage in educational attainment and wages relative to third-plus-generation white men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As members of an established, well-integrated, white ethnic group, secondgeneration Germans are largely invisible in Australian society. Given this, they are easily presumed a group for whom Waters' notion of 'ethnic options' might apply. The repetition of Christmas and Easter could be interpreted as indicators for ethnic options, as these events are merely symbols that, according to Waters (1990), individuals can personally choose to voluntarily connect to their ethnic heritage. However, based on both interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with adult children of German immigrants in Melbourne, Australia, this paper uses a practice approach to ethnicity to suggest the possibility of an alternative interpretation, as these events (re)produce their German heritage in ways that are real and present and not just symbolic. These findings suggest that ethnic identity for these second-generation Germans consists of dispositions that are durable, acquired during childhood, and expressed through schemes of perception, thought and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates that transnational belonging is experienced differently in each location of a transnational social field. Relying on qualitative data from interviews with 1.5 and second generation Muslim Americans, the data show that they experience liminal belonging when visiting their parents' country of origin and cognizant belonging in the United States. Liminal belonging is evidenced in their temporary full membership in the social relationships of their overseas family. In addition, the betwixt and between quality of their liminality is evidenced in their use of their American lives to understand their experiences in the parents' home country. Their cognizant belonging in the United States is evidenced in their deploying of the nations' core values to legitimate their identity as simultaneously Muslim and American. An additional element of their cognizant belonging is the boundary they draw between their parents' ethnic identity and their American identity. As increasing numbers of people maintain transnational ties it is important to understand how belonging is experienced in each site of a social field. The distinction between cognizant and liminal belonging reveals how transnational connections are maintained without disrupting the importance of national identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the subjective understanding of success and socioeconomic mobility of two second generation groups, Mexicans in the US and North African in France. Accounting for the culture of mobility among members of the two groups, we investigate how children of immigrants think about key factors in their incorporation and social mobility including their educational experiences and their early labour market experiences. We also look into the cultural and structural factors that shape our respondents' perceptions. Despite their disadvantaged position, Mexican Americans regard their experiences as considerable success given their significant departure from their parents' meagre statuses and ability to fulfil expectations set within a labour migration cultural repertoire. French North Africans, on the other hand, emphasize their limited ability to experience upward mobility as a result of the restrictions imposed on them by French society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to compare the educational outcomes of children of immigrants in France and in the US to understand the educational inequalities and opportunities for social mobility for the second generation in both countries. The comparison is focused on children from two groups: North Africans in France and Mexicans in the US. By using two longitudinal datasets, the French Educational Panel Survey and Add Health, we examine aspirations, expectations and attainment in secondary education in the two contexts. We explore in particular the role of parental education on attainment. We also utilize in-depth interviews to understand their educational experiences and their impact on their perceptions of social mobility. Immigrant families have high educational aspirations in both contexts. North Africans express however higher aspirations than native French with similar background, while there are no differences between second-generation Mexicans and the Majority group. Second generation children are disadvantaged in school in both countries: they are more likely to drop out and less likely to graduate from high school, but most of the disadvantages are related to their social background. Net of social background, North African second generation are more likely to get the French high school diploma. This success is relative insofar as they receive the technological baccalauréat, which is less valued and provides a less certain route to higher education. This comparison shows some convergence on ethnic inequalities in education, despite institutional differences. However, these differences create different school processes and experiences that lead to different views on social mobility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter examines whether adults of African descent in the U.S. and U.K., as part of the black second generation, experience a second generation decline as has been predicted by segmented assimilation theory. There is remarkably little research on the intergenerational social mobility of the African second generation, and the goal of this chapter is to begin to fill this gap in the literature. This chapter merges two literatures in the field of sociology, the literature on social stratification and social mobility, and the literature on the new second generation--the children of contemporary (post 1965) immigrants. I find that the adult second generation of African descent in both the U.S. and U.K. are not mirroring the phenomenon of significant intergenerational downward mobility discovered by Jennifer Isaacs among native U.S. blacks. They are also not experiencing a second generation decline as predicted by segmented assimilation theory and the black second generation decline thesis. However, while being black did not derail their strong educational attainment outcomes, subjects are reporting that they are beginning to experience a race penalty in their workplaces. So, while race did not prevail over class in one aspect, it is rearing its head in another area of these subjects' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children of Turkish guest workers have challenged the existing models of integration in the European context. Data on the second generation show that Turkish children are not only performing less well in education than other ethnic groups but there are marked differences between the educational attainment of second generation Turks across Europe. In countries, such as Austria, only a very small number of second generation Turks succeeds in entering higher education, while in the Netherlands, young people of Turkish origin enter the higher education sector in proportions approaching that of other ethnic groups and the natives. Relying on 24 in-depth interviews the paper investigates the reasons behind these differential (higher) educational gains. Using Sugarman's (1970) theory of class subcultures the author examines the differences in attitudes to education and social advancement among the descendants of Turkish labour migrants in both countries. The interviews reveal how the ethnic discrimination in the labour market resulted in a present-orientation and fatalism by Turks in Austria. Turning towards their own community Austrian Turks disapproved of any long-term educational investments in favour of material resources while bearing in mind the greater good of the community. At the same time, driven by the potential labour market benefits, Turks in Holland shifted towards a more future-oriented attitude which encouraged investments into their offspring's education as well as individual social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic analysis of documentation status and its effects on children of immigrants is particularly timely and important given recent debates on immigration in the media and the defeat of recent proposed legislation such as the DREAM Act, which would have expanded opportunities for higher education and pathways to citizenship for children of undocumented immigrants. Using in-depth interviews with 50 Brazilian children of immigrants in young adulthood, I deconstruct the conventional black/white categorization of documented/undocumented, examining the "In-Between" status that many immigrant children occupy, often for long periods of their lives. In so doing, I argue that the state continues to structure opportunities through the creation of categories of membership, statuses which are uncertain and confusing for the immigrant youth. I examine the effects of the state's power on the ground: how the uncertain statuses that result from the implementation of United States' laws affect immigrant children's daily lives, social worlds, and outlooks for the future. The findings have implications for discussions of the state, citizenship/belonging, immigrant incorporation, and transitions to adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of gender differences in educational outcomes among children of U.S. immigrants reflect trends of a female advantage in educational attainment and achievement that is increasingly common throughout U.S. society. However, these findings are more puzzling in the case of children of immigrants because this pattern is often such a sharp departure from that in most immigrants' home countries, where women are often much less educated than men. Using data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS), this study examines gender differences in grade point averages and educational expectations among middle school and high school students from several ethnic groups, including Cubans, Mexicans, Filipinos, Vietnamese, Nicaraguans, Jamaicans, Haitians, Colombians, Laotians and Dominicans. The study finds that female advantages are consistent across ethnic groups, but the magnitude of gender gaps varies. Factors both at home and at school contribute to gender disparities. Girls spend more time on homework and less time watching television and perceive that their parents have higher aspirations for them; boys, on the other hand, have more negative perceptions of the school environment and are more focused on family relationships, perhaps to the detriment of school relationships. These findings suggest that processes in families and schools early on lead to later gender differences in educational attainment among children of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether transnationalism is a sustainable phenomenon beyond the first generation of immigrants is a subject of ongoing investigation and debate. Our study asks whether transnational ties can be sustained past successive immigrant generations and queries what types of transnational practices are undertaken by migrants. Using data from the public use file of the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey, a post-census national survey jointly conducted by Statistics Canada and the Department of Canadian Heritage, we conduct a trend analysis across immigrant generations which cross-tabulates primary and secondary indicators of transnationalism - including visits to home countries, contact with kin living in home countries, ethnic associational memberships, transnational marriages, first language maintenance, dual citizenship, and ethnic attachments . Furthermore, we make comparisons between white and non-white populations, highlighting patterns observed across generations for distinctive racial and origin groups. We find that although generations beyond the first do engage in transnational practices, levels of engagement in all indicators of transnationalism atrophy across immigrant generations. Generally, transnational ties are discontinued by the third-plus generation. Finally, visible minority populations seem to have a higher propensity for transnational engagements, relative to the white population; yet, regardless of color, the intergenerational decline of transnational practices still applies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the national 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey fielded by Statistics Canada, this paper investigates the incidence of non-official language as first language understood for 23 ethnic groups across three immigrant generation groups in Canada (first, second and third-plus). Our findings indicate for most ethnic groups, the probability of having non-official language as first language declines sharply from first (almost 60%) to second (10%) then third (5%) generation. However, our results also show that the extent of this decline varies significantly among different ethnic groups despite controlling for explanatory factors. We also show the impacts of family of origin characteristics, including the linguistic and ethnic homogeneity of parents, on the probabilities of non-official language retention. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates language preferences and their change among adolescent children of immigrants in the United States. It focuses on the effect of perceived discrimination, consonant context of assimilation and importance of ethnic identity. Building on findings from previous research, this study includes individual and family characteristics, school influences and ethnolinguistic networks as possible confounding factors. It uses probit analysis with the 1992 and 1995 waves of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey. This study finds that negative discrimination challenges children's attitudes toward their ethnic identity and related language, and makes them more sensitive to their everyday-life experiences. Among children who feel discriminated against, such factors as national origin, language skills and use of non-English language with friends and especially with parents all have stronger effects on language preferences than among children who report no discrimination. Consonant context of assimilation influences language preferences but does not affect their change over time. While greater importance of ethnic identity decreases probability of preferring English among children who report no discrimination, it has no effect on language preferences of children who feel discriminated against. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Asian Americans who are categorized in a "residual" category of not quite black and not quite white construct their racial identities by distancing themselves from other racial minorities and use generational status and class as markers of status. Building on the notion of a black/non-black divide or a "tri-color stratification," this paper argues that the social position of the children of Asian immigrants is a tenuous position, which begets a constant negotiation of race, class, and generation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has documented the ways in which racial and ethnic groups employ authenticityâ?”the use of particular cultural scripts seen as endemic to the groupâ?”to signal and evaluate in-group membership (Carter, 2003; Jackson, 2001; Maira, 2002). What happens, however, when youth find themselves in multiethnic environments? Are they expected to adhere to different forms of racial authenticity, according to their races, or does one set of expected cultural scripts dominate? Does conformity to racial authenticity gain status among non-co-ethnic peers, or does popularity require participation in a mainstream urban popular culture? This paper first describes the types of racial authenticity and authenticity tests in which second generation youth in multiethnic high schools in New York and London engage among their diverse peers. It then delves into the influence of black-identified popular culture (hip-hop) on authenticity. Finally, I turn to the cultural practices of second generation Indian and Indo-Caribbean teens in both cities, focusing on taste preferences, in order to understand the dual influences of racial authenticity and popular culture on urban youth. South Asians demonstrated a delicate balance between demonstrating authentic South Asian identity, and also signaling tastes popular among non-South Asian peers, hip-hop. They did this through a hybridized consumption culture. A multi-method approach triangulates the research: ethnographic observations in 2 high schools (one in each city), a random survey of 191 students in each school, and 120 in-depth interviews. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from 25 in-depth interviews with second-generation Nigerian immigrants, this paper theorizes about assimilatory and transnational frameworks as simultaneous processes in the identity formation of children of immigrants. While assimilation and transnationalism are often viewed as separate trajectories, I posit that the racial, ethnic and national identities of the second-generation Nigerian immigrants I interviewed are a product of the relationship between assimilation and transnationalism. Participants form highly fluid identities through shifts over the life course, contexts within which these identities are maintained and social networks to which these identities are attached to. I identify youth community environment, the college integrative experience and the strength of transnational ties as key factors in identity formation which also shape the way in which assimilation and transnationalism inform each other. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a new battery of 489 in-depth interviews conducted with a diverse set of young adults in their mid-twenties through mid-thirties as part of the MacArthur Foundation Network on the Transition to Adulthood, this study finds that Latino and Asian American young adults participate in interdependent intergenerational family relations in which they both receive and provide support to their parents. What is more, this study finds that first and second generation Latino and Asian American young adults maintain and practice a different view of family relations than their white, native US born peers, and thus experience intergenerational living and support as expected and desirable. Young adults say that this pattern is an extension of the ways that they have always lived their family relations as they assisted their parents even as children with such tasks as translating, negotiating bureaucracies, and caregiving for younger and older family members. Despite Latino and Asian American young adults view that they prefer interdependent family relations and that they experience positive effects from such family arrangements, this paper concludes with a discussion of the hidden ways in which privilege and disadvantage continue to be passed on through families in the private sphere during the transition to adulthood. Additionally, implications that such family patterns hold for promoting more collectivist values are also addressed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant entrepreneurship is viewed positively for its role in immigrant economic adaptation. With the professionalization of children of self-employed immigrants, small business ownership is seen to promote intergenerational mobility. To examine what role immigrant entrepreneurship plays in the mobility of the second generation, this paper compares the educational and occupational achievements of children of professionals, children of entrepreneurs, and children of workers. The comparisons reveal that a greater proportion of children of professionals and children of entrepreneurs attended selective colleges, obtained professional occupations, and earned competitive salaries than children of workers. Despite the educational disadvantage of self-employed Chinese fathers compared to professionals, children of entrepreneurs attended selective colleges in higher numbers than did children of professionals. Although self-employed fathers had similar educational attainments as fathers who were manual workers, it was the children of entrepreneurs, rather than children of workers, that paralleled the educational and occupational achievements of children of professionals. This suggests that immigrant entrepreneurship can provide the resources for educational advancement of the second generation, serving as an important stepping-stone to intergenerational mobility. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A status attainment perspective of immigrant integration suggests that the social and economic mobility of immigrants occurs over time and over generations, with first generation immigrants expected to have the least desirable outcomes. We examine this proposition in terms of homeownership, long viewed as an indicator of social and economic status, and compare the likelihood of ownership across immigrant waves and generations and across metropolitan areas in Canada. Data are taken from the 2001 Census of Canada Public Use Microdata File (PUMF) of individuals. Our analysis reveals that there are generational differences in homeownership in the expected direction but not when compared to the oldest immigrants of the first generation. The oldest immigrants, those arriving prior to 1981, are as likely as the 1.5 and second generations to own their homes, if not more. Our results also show that the type of homeownership also varies by generation, with newcomers being more likely than others to turn to the condominium market. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many have used the term "silent exodus" to describe the phenomena of the children of immigrants leaving their parents' churches. While some choose to attend either a panethnic Asian or racially neutral (usually majority white) church, others choose to disassociate from Christianity itself. Based on nine months of ethnographic work, and both semi-structured and conversational interviews with members of both a Korean-specific church and a pan-ethnic Christian church, this paper argues that the silent exodus is a reflection of Karl Mannheims' "problem of generations," and that ironically, second generation Korean Americans leave the ethnic church for the very reasons their parents joined them. Thus, this paper first discusses the functions and purposes of the immigrant church for the first generation and second, speaks to the second generations' experiences with the ethnic churches and their rationale for the "silent exodus." This is followed by a discussion on how the propensity to leave the Christian church is driven by cultural clashes between generations, and different functions of the church for the parental and their children's generation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to consider the phenomenon of immigrant adaptation in the United Kingdom through an intergenerational analysis of the nature and determinants of the educational attainments of the children of immigrants, that is, of second-generation immigrants (SGIs). Specifically, the paper examines the role of immigrant status, parental status, and ethnicity. Numerous theoretical accounts of immigrant adaptation and of educational attainment, as well as empirical descriptions of second-generation life outcomes, have highlighted the importance of such determinants. Upon examination of inferential statistics, the results show that immigrant status, and ethnicity appear to play an important yet limited role in the successful attainments of SGIs with regards to holding a university degree, whereas parental status does not. This sheds an interesting light on the phenomenon of adaptation, a phenomenon that ought to be more clearly established, given appropriate data. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a grief glimpse into the lives of second-generation Palestinian women living in the United States. The findings and discussion are based on ethnographic research started in 2001 in a Palestinian community in New York and New Jersey. In recent times there has been much speculation about the lives and social relations of Arab-Americans in the United States: Are they assimilated? do they want to assimilate? and is their culture inherently in oppposition to that of mainstream American society? More specifically with regards to women, questions about their subordinate status, their lack of agency and their inability to assert themselves are raised an often answered without research or understanding in the popular media. This study is an attempt to discover how these women live in the United States and negotiate between being Arab/Palestinian and being American. My informants and research findings indicate that there is no simple answer. There are indeed limitations placed upon these young women, but they are far from oppressive. Interestingly enough, these women choose to comply with many of their parents\' requests and prefer marriage within their ethnic group. Rather than being duped or acting out of fear, these women are cognizant of their rights, and actually use these rights to assert themselves against family and larger society to preserve their national identity and their perceived uniqueness as Arabs and more specifically as Palestinians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the place of families in interpretations of religious socialization among second-generation Asian Americans. Analysis was based on interviews [N=100] with college-aged Asian Americans of different religious traditions and ethnic backgrounds. Asian Americans viewed families as the most significant influence on religiosity, seeing mothers as religious guides and mentors. Despite American evangelicalism's emphasis on personal choice in determining religiosity, however, Asian American Protestants (largely evangelical) viewed personal faith as primarily determined by family faith. Other religious adherents negotiated personal agency with family tradition. For Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims, dating relationships and discussions about marriage were also central sites for negotiating religiosity. Immigrant generation characteristics and proximity to American mainstream religion potentially explain these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on an argument for locating the phenomena of Islamic Revival among second generation Arab Muslims in Chicago, Illinois, at the intersection of the Arab American experience and globalization. The literature on Islamic revival gives the details of Islamization as global force acting in largely uniform ways upon Muslims wherever they are. Discussions of Islam in the west often bypass the concepts of religiosity and spirituality, moving quickly to issues of organizations and fundamentalism, without asking the question.

Recent research has focused on the question of to what segment the second generation assimilates, while neglecting the question of from what segment assimilation occurs. This paper examines how immigrant origins relate to second-generation educational outcomes in the United States by addressing two questions: (1) what is the appropriate benchmark from which to understand second-generation mobility patterns: the immigrant generation's socioeconomic status after or prior to migration? and (2) How do the assimilation patterns of immigrant groups vary using these two benchmarks? With data from 17 sending countries, U.S. Census data, and Current Population Survey data, I find that the point of reference used as the starting point for assimilation trajectories has implications for observed assimilation patterns. In particular, Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Dominicans may be viewed alternately as experiencing upward or downward mobility depending upon whether immigrants' relative educational attainments prior to or after migration are considered as the initial reference point. I argue that immigrants' premigration socioeconomic position is a better benchmark, not only because it is a stronger predictor, but also because it takes into account that the meaning of education varies depending on the context in which it is completed. I also show that some groups who are often thought to have experienced substantial upward mobility were actually of relatively high status prior to migration, while others, such as Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Dominicans, are experiencing downward mobility based on the immigrant generation's status prior to migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings of home-country ties abound in the international migration literature, and many scholars herald a new form of immigrant adaption that is broadly described as "transnational." In contrast, recent work shows that these ties are surprisingly short lived and often superficial in nature. To assess the durability and strength of transnational attachments, using evidence that can improve on the shortcomings of previous work, this paper draws on the public use data set produced by the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey. Remittances, travel, and emotional as well as political ties to sending and recieving states are examined and are found to vary strongly by generation and linguistic capability. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]