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This study analyses the labour market integration of young white and non-white adult immigrants and the 1.5, second and third-plus generations, using data from the 2001 Canadian census for the population age 20-29 living in census metropolitan areas (CMAs),. Uni-variate and multivariate analyses show substantial variation in demographic and socio-economic outcomes for nine white and non-white groups. Young Black or Latin American groups are disadvantaged relative to other groups although even here there are indications of immigrant offspring achievements. Many other young adult offspring groups living in Canada's CMAs are doing well. They have higher educational attainments than those who immigrate as older adolescents or as adults and they match or exceed the educational levels of their non -colored counterparts. Multivariate analyses of employment in high skill occupations and of earnings indicate that these visible minority immigrant offspring either are similar to, or are more advantaged than the primarily white third-plus generation. These results portray an optimistic view of the socioeconomic attainments of the 1.5 and second generation for many groups and indicate the complexity of race and color based outcomes using assimilation models. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether transnationalism is a sustainable phenomenon beyond the first generation of immigrants is a subject of ongoing investigation and debate. Our study asks whether transnational ties can be sustained past successive immigrant generations and queries what types of transnational practices are undertaken by migrants. Using data from the public use file of the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey, a post-census national survey jointly conducted by Statistics Canada and the Department of Canadian Heritage, we conduct a trend analysis across immigrant generations which cross-tabulates primary and secondary indicators of transnationalism - including visits to home countries, contact with kin living in home countries, ethnic associational memberships, transnational marriages, first language maintenance, dual citizenship, and ethnic attachments . Furthermore, we make comparisons between white and non-white populations, highlighting patterns observed across generations for distinctive racial and origin groups. We find that although generations beyond the first do engage in transnational practices, levels of engagement in all indicators of transnationalism atrophy across immigrant generations. Generally, transnational ties are discontinued by the third-plus generation. Finally, visible minority populations seem to have a higher propensity for transnational engagements, relative to the white population; yet, regardless of color, the intergenerational decline of transnational practices still applies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the national 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey fielded by Statistics Canada, this paper investigates the incidence of non-official language as first language understood for 23 ethnic groups across three immigrant generation groups in Canada (first, second and third-plus). Our findings indicate for most ethnic groups, the probability of having non-official language as first language declines sharply from first (almost 60%) to second (10%) then third (5%) generation. However, our results also show that the extent of this decline varies significantly among different ethnic groups despite controlling for explanatory factors. We also show the impacts of family of origin characteristics, including the linguistic and ethnic homogeneity of parents, on the probabilities of non-official language retention. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A status attainment perspective of immigrant integration suggests that the social and economic mobility of immigrants occurs over time and over generations, with first generation immigrants expected to have the least desirable outcomes. We examine this proposition in terms of homeownership, long viewed as an indicator of social and economic status, and compare the likelihood of ownership across immigrant waves and generations and across metropolitan areas in Canada. Data are taken from the 2001 Census of Canada Public Use Microdata File (PUMF) of individuals. Our analysis reveals that there are generational differences in homeownership in the expected direction but not when compared to the oldest immigrants of the first generation. The oldest immigrants, those arriving prior to 1981, are as likely as the 1.5 and second generations to own their homes, if not more. Our results also show that the type of homeownership also varies by generation, with newcomers being more likely than others to turn to the condominium market. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the socioeconomic incorporation of immigrant groups has extensively been explored, less is known about the fate of their children - the second generation - and how they are incorporated in Canada. In the United States, previous studies indicate that for some ethnic groups, upward economic advancement is achieved through the maintenance of strong ethnic attachments. For other groups however, their downward mobility may reflect their racial status and experience of discrimination (Portes and Rumbaut, 2001). Thus, using the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey, this study highlights the variations in university attainment within the second generation that exist by ethnicity (i.e. Chinese, South Asian, Germans, etc) and provides explanation of how antecedent factors including family background, ethnic embeddedness, and social inclusion influence ethnic stratification in educational attainments of the native-born Canadians. The findings suggest that contrary to previous studies in the United States, their success is less explained by the maintenance of strong ethnic attachments and instead is more influenced by parent's educational levels and interaction with society. More interestingly, this study demonstrates that on average, for some ethnic groups, feeling marginalized because of one's ethnic origins has a positive effect on educational achievement. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]