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Record contracts deploy copyright as the means through which record labels turn musicians into workers. In this paper, I discuss Karl Marx's analysis of England's land enclosure acts. Then I demonstrate the parallels between the process of land enclosure, and what I call, copyright enclosure. Many describe copyright as an intellectual property right, but it is not property in the traditional sense. Rather, law creates a set of statutory rights that some describe using an analogy to property. In turn, copyright law allows record labels to profit from musician labor similar to how land enclosure allowed landowners to profit from farm workers' labor. This paper highlights the institutional incentive to sign a record contract under the current political economy of the recording industry. This process ultimately creates an underclass of musicians who precariously work for record labels without rights as workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the research findings of two case studies conducted in two English rural villages in 2005. The paper focuses upon expressions of community made by village residents. First, it considers definitions of rural community expressed by twenty-first century villagers; second, it moves to consider the extent to which each of the case study villages represented a community and; finally, the paper examines whether this has changed or is considered to be under threat - and whether what villagers consider is changing and whether this acts as a barrier to cohesion. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper explores the proposed siting of a large supermarket on a local playing field in the city of Birmingham, England by Tesco, Britain's Wal-Mart. I use this detailed case study to address wider concerns about the management of urban space, the regulation of retail development, the struggle between corporate power and community resistance. The paper also assesses the narratives of local economic regeneration and civic involvement that have emerged under Britain's New Labour government since 1997. The research draws on my experience of living in the area concerned all my life; my involvement in a focus group of residents trying to influence future development, and on 20 interviews conducted with local people in autumn 2005. I ask whether local people feel they can resist corporate expansion, and how responsive they feel the political system is to their concerns. The fate of these playing fields is an example of "the ongoing confrontation between global capital and local communities that is part of the dynamic of contemporary urban relations" (Halebsky 2004: 115). A further dimension I explore is the rapid migration of a significant population of upwardly mobile South Asian families from less affluent parts of the city into this previously monoethnic English suburb. The changing demographic profile of the area around the proposed store raises serious long-term issues concerning the nature of civic involvement in increasingly diverse neighbourhoods beyond the inner city. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern education emerged in the long modern century stretching from the mid-eighteenth century through the early twentieth century. Many accounts of modern education assert that its goals, structure, content and functions were essentially identical across all modern societies. This paper argues, to the contrary, that at least six distinctive patterns of modern education emerged, each reflecting their unique temporal and spatial context and the nature to the ideological, economic, and political changes that accompanied their birth and systematization. These patterns are the Prussian, French, English, American, Japanese, and Russian approaches to modern education. The paper first seeks to describe the process of emergence of these respective systems, and then it reflects on some of the implications for institutional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines two distinct types of racial discrimination perceived by the immigrant second generation in the United States and Britain. Afro-Caribbeans report experiencing racial discrimination outside school, from adults, while Indians tend to report experiencing racial discrimination in school, from peers. These findings move theories of racial discrimination beyond a black-white paradigm, and also shed light on theories on the impact of perceived discrimination. If Afro-Caribbeans don't report school-based racial discrimination, then reactions to racial discrimination in school cannot explain an oppositional orientation towards school among Afro-Caribbean students, as suggested by some scholars. In the paper I integrate the literatures on racial discrimination and immigrant incorporation for a deeper understanding of experiences of racial discrimination among the second generation. The paper is based on an ethnography in two multiethnic schools, one in London and one in New York, and 90 in-depth interviews with second generation Indian, Afro-Caribbean, and Indo-Caribbean teens in New York and London. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I address an oversight in the literature on markets in the New Economic Sociology. Most studies within this tradition have either treated markets as bounded social entities shaped by broader socio-cultural processes, or have focused on how markets are actually constituted by these processes. In order to understand markets as social structures, or systems of social relations, it is necessary to utilize both approaches. Using the London Gold Fix of the 1950s, I show that the gentlemanly ethos of this market was not simply a product of the City of London's socio-cultural milieu, but that its was also created and sustained by the system of social relations that constituted this market. The social relations animating this market were the bullion firms' owners' position within the upper stratum of British society, the firm's economic and organizational structure, and the close relationship these firms had with the Bank of England. Together the system of social relations constituting this market, along with the influence of the City of London's broader socio-cultural milieu, fostered the gentlemanly ethos of the Fix. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Catholic Church became the first bureaucratic organization in Western Europe since the collapse Roman Empire. However, theoretical perspectives on the rise of bureaucracy have focused on the bureaucratization of economic organizations and the state. This paper tests several theoretical accounts of the emergence of bureaucracy through a close examination of the changing structure of six dioceses in England from 1066 to 1250. Existing theoretical accounts fail to explain the patterns of bureaucratization in the English church. Instead, the church created bureaucratic structures through chains of local action at relatively low levels of the church in response to changes in the relationship between the church and state. This provides the basis for the development of a theoretical account of bureaucratic emergence. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is presented in the form of a conversation between a criminological/sociological theorist and a street researcher. In it we argue for a different approach to the study of crime and deviance more popularly known as cultural criminology. Tracing the geneology of this perspective back to the deviance theories of Matza, Cohen, Katz, Ferrell and Lyng in the U.S. and to the new criminologists and Birmingham School adherents in Britain we present the case for a more critical, cultural turn in criminology that specifically situates itself in the epoch of late modernity. A central tenet of this perspective is to understand norm violations and cultural transgressions not as the end result of social pathology, reproduction or exclusion but as a breaking through of restraints, as a realization of immediacy, and as a reassertion of identity and ontology. We conclude that only through such revisionism can we bring a drifting and quiescent criminology back to its early humanistic and interdisciplinary promise and in particular to its critical, sociological roots. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical Reflections on Access in British Higher Education: Transnational Lessons Across the PondRecent policy trends in international higher education suggest the dichotomy between selective and widening participation is a global issue. The central premise of this paper considers the historical and contemporary challenge of promoting higher education opportunities across socioeconomic distinctions in England. Three critical questions are considered: 1) How did historical development of higher education in England during the 20th century, including American influences after World War II, shape the contemporary debate on widening participation? 2) Have the purposes of higher education altered as access shifts from elite to mass? 3) What critical philosophies influence higher education purposes and developments; and might more balanced viewpoints assist policymakers in crafting decisions? We can garner a greater comprehension of how educational policies in the 20th century redefined the role of higher education, contributing to the debate concerning the definition of public good - social contribution for the larger society versus economic return for the individuals. In analyzing this debate, this presentation also: 1) explicates watershed policies including major education acts since the 1940s; 2) analyzes Trow's typology of higher education development - elite, mass, and universal - to understand shifting postsecondary roles; 3) explores communitarian, neo-liberal, and utilitarian philosophies to illuminate ideas regarding widening access. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we argue that conceptualising political parties and legislative bodies as gendered political institutions opens up useful routes for theorising the gender dimensions of contemporary politics as well as suggesting ways in which the organisation and practice of politics can be transformed to promote greater gender equality. Drawing on survey and interview data with local councillors in England, we analyse how the gendered understructure (Acker 1998) of parties and local councils shapes the experiences, opportunities and rewards available to the men and women who serve within them. Through our discussion of the gendered experiences of female councillors we highlight the ways in which factors such as the unequal domestic division of labour and childcare responsibilities continue to have an impact on women's access to and experience of political office-holding. In addition, we draw attention to the patterns of hegemonic masculinity evident in the structures and practices of political institutions, and the impact this has on women councillors' working practices. We show how thinking of local councils as gendered political institutions illuminates the complex ways in which gender difference and inequalities are reproduced and sustained in political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a study of 20 London families, Elizabeth Bott hypothesized that dense kinship networks fostered separate roles for husband and wife. Other researchers followed with tests of the influence on conjugal roles of various dimensions of networks. Lacking, however, are studies of the effects of multiplexity--the extent to which kin fill multiple roles in the lives of married people. Drawing on cross-national survey data for 20 countries, this paper evaluates the effect of multiplex kin networks on whether married women turn to their husband, as opposed to kin, for instrumental assistance and for emotional support. Women whose kin fill certain other roles are, as hypothesized, less inclined to tap husbands for support. Regardless of their personal preferences, women who live in countries where women look to kin to perform multiple functions are also less likely to turn to husbands for help around the house or for emotional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of people across national borders, whether as labor migrants, refugees, or tourists, is one of the most remarkable and visible features of globalization. In this paper I use Philadelphia (US) and Manchester (UK) as examples of what I propose to be a distinctive type of migrant-receiving city: the second city. I explore the distinctive migration patterns that distinguish second from global cities. First, sources for international migration concentrate in just a few countries. Second, internal migration is relatively more important for second cities; the proportions of internal to international migration are higher than in global cities. Furthermore, this internal migration is often rural-to-urban migration by people from an ethnically distinct background subject to substantial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal historians have debated whether the origins of property in medieval England were the result of strong, "anti-feudal" monarchs, or simply the consequences of royal attempts to make the feudal world operate according to its own rules. This paper argues that a deeper, theoretical understanding of feudal class structure can explain the perplexing question about the development of the land law. The emerging royal common law was neither anti-feudal nor passive. Rather, as kings sought to control the use of coercive power and self-help among the nobility in their own interests, they incidentally solved a collective action problem facing lords and built a fairly cohesive, cooperative regime that brought significant benefits to the entire lordly class in terms of stability, economic reward, and control over the peasantry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways in which Americans and Germans envision and evaluate England as a nation. Relying on intensive interviews with 30 Americans and 30 Germans from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, I find that, although both groups share a relatively unflattering picture of the English, their bottom line is different. Overall, Americans have a positive image of England as founder of democratic values and close ally. They make a clear distinction between the negative aspects of imperialism and the positive "founding" of the American colonies. They take issue with both "classism" and "socialism" but ultimately see the English as close allies who are deserving of national pride. In contrast, the Germans are rather critical of the England, defining the nation in terms of its "island character" and resistance toward identification with the European Union. They explain that the English have little justification for national pride and should instead focus on international alliances. I argue that these differing perspectives are indicative of the profoundly different ways Americans and Germans conceptualize nationhood. Americans, because of their own positive relationship to their nation, believe in national pride and assume that the English have similar feelings. Germans, because of their complicated relationship to their Nazi past, are wary of national pride and argue that postnational commitments are more desirable than undeserved feelings of pride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the initial step of a larger project on the globalization of the contemporary art market. We begin by focusing on the spatial organization of art, as well as the positions of cities in the global network of art production and consumption. While there is a top tier of global cities that serve as art centers, large international art fairs such as ArtBasel and ArtBasel Miami Beach have created a more mobile art market that intersects with the physical and institutional geography. We have also witnessed a recent proliferation of new art institutions in the once marginal cities in the art world. Based on city location data of major art institutions, art fairs, collectors, publications, auction houses, and galleries, this article offers some preliminary findings on the current geographic organization of the global contemporary art market. Although we find similar tendencies of consolidation of art transactions in New York and London, the art market exemplifies a differentiated structure of geographic organization, with centrality and marginality being redefined. These findings will serve as a starting point for systematic analyses of the inter-city connectivity of global art flows, and can bring new insights to the formation of global city networks. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to identify the patterns of higher education change. It applies Giddens' dimensions of social change (1984) and examines the contexts of the changing higher education mechanisms by different types of institutions in England, Japan and New York State between 2001 and 2007.The paper argues there are not clear patterns of change - such as speed, intensity, extensiveness, momentum, trajectory and consequence - between the different types of institutions in terms of centralized and decentralized institutions and public and private institutions. It suggests that the relationship between state and the institutions are significant in the formulation of the particular pattern of change rather than the types of institutions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National curricula are being challenged and transformed by the impacts of migration and European integration. This paper explores how cultural diversity and Europe are addressed in geography, history and citizenship education curricula in Greece, Germany and England. The quantitative analysis focused on the presence of European, cultural diversity and national topics in the curriculum. The qualitative analysis explored the curriculum discourses, including the extent to which 'Europe' was constructed in purely political or geographical terms or both. The study found that the relationships between European and multicultural values were put together in rather different ways depending on the school subject. Whilst history was largely ethnocentric in all three countries, Greek geography and citizenship education curricula veered between ethnocentrism and Europeanism. In contrast, in England, notions of multicultural Britishness were reinforced in geography and citizenship education. German curricula, following the national pattern, privileged national and European topics, but attempts were made to address diversity, particularly in geography. Despite converging trends around the need to respond to the increasing cultural diversity, EU member states have set different priorities in relation to European and migration-related issues. One of the main challenges facing curriculum planners remains how to balance cultural diversity and social cohesion. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical governance involves demonstrating that quality assurance and patient safety is routine practice within organizations that provide healthcare in England. This paper describes an ethnographic study which gives an account of the degree to which nurses and other stakeholders in one NHS hospital Trust responded to the clinical governance initiative, the effects on quality improvement and the practical accomplishment of legitimacy. New institutionalism theory served as a useful tool for understanding the political and ceremonial conformity that marked the clinical governance process. A case study was employed and data obtained by documentary analysis, observation of meetings, ward activity and semi-structured interviews. A grounded theory approach was adopted in the analysis of the interviews. It was identified that at a practice level clinical governance was poorly understood and seen as unrealistic and that the Trust corporate organizational goals were ambiguous and not shared. Nevertheless, during the same period the Trust obtained a 'three star' identification status and recognition for having appropriate structures and systems in place from the NHS Litigation Authority resulting in reduced insurance payments. The study concludes by suggesting that the organization responded to governmental isomorphic pressures in the production of appropriate institutional documentation, but, as the impact of clinical governance to improve the quality in practice was found to be inconsistent, it is argued that this organisational response was largely ceremonial and essentially achieved external legitimacy for the Trust rather than having any real practical accomplishment in the improvement of quality and safety for patients. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the summer of 1858 the Thames began to stink in an extraordinary way. The stink catalyzed a strong public and legislative response that resulted in the transformation of London's municipal institutions. Prior to 'The Great Stink', London had no municipal body with effective executive authority over the entirety of the metropolis. 'The Great Stink' changed that, and resulted in a newly empowered Metropolitan Board of Works which was to play a dominant role in London public works and governance for the remainder of the 19th century. Leading social scientific theories of institutions and institutional change, however, do a poor job of accounting for the empirical details of institutional change during 'The Great Stink' episode. Institutional change during this period was driven by symbolic and moral considerations that the leading institutionalisms systematically ignore. The paper argues for hermeneutics as a key methodology and symbolic and moral factors as key zones of inquiry into institutions and processes of institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of lay people's views of complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) have tended to focus on how people's perceptions and evaluations are related to orthodox medicine and its practitioners. In this paper attention is given to how people evaluate a range of CAM therapies for one form of chronic illness which has proved to be particularly resistant to orthodox medical treatment, namely chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It also considers the extent to which users can be seen as active or passive consumers of these therapies. Drawing on interview data with 41 CFS sufferers from the south east of England, it reports that these respondents have frequently used CAM and that they evaluate these therapies in terms of their percieved potential, the information they have about them, their experience of clinical care and its cost. Respondents' expectations were generally low and they were sceptical that CAM could offer a cure for CFS. There was also evidence of them being both active and passive consumers of health care, on the one hand appearing to be critical and discriminating about CAM and on the other trusting in experts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major concern of Muslim communities in the West is how to preserve Islamic values in the context of predominantly non-Muslim western societies. Two central and related issues are women's roles and family form/function. This paper examines these issues with a focus on how male Muslim community leaders from ten different mosques in East London represent women's roles and the family. Data are based on in-depth interviews I conducted in East London in 2000. My analysis highlights the diversity of informants' representations of women and the family. At the same time, it suggests that the structural and cultural forces underpinning the shift in British attitudes away from familism and towards individualism also affect East London's Muslim communitiesâ?”and perhaps even divide them. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two significant moments in sexual minority citizenship in England and Wales in relation to one of the Marshallian sets of rights, namely, civil or legal rights, focusing specifically on the sex offences legislation and policing practices in England and Wales. The first moment that will be examined here is the process whereby homosexual acts were decriminalized in the 1950s and 1960s; here special attention will be paid to the recommendations made by the Wolfenden Committee in 1957. The second moment is one we are currently experiencing, which is associated with the inclusive policing of sexual minority communities (especially lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities) under the provisions of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and in the review of sex offences, especially in the consultation paper (2000) and White paper (2002) associated with this review. Privacy and toleration dominate the first moment, at the same time it shall be demonstrated that privacy is also central to the British ?sexual citizenship? literatures that have emerged in sociology in the post-Wolfenden context. However, as the title suggests, the second moment under examination seems to point to the emergence of a rather more extensive sexual minority citizenship beyond the boundaries of ?homosexual privacy?, and perhaps even beyond the boundaries of toleration through ever more ?inclusive? policing strategies and through the review of sex offences in which many discriminatory laws are being ?de-homosexualized?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how distinctive groups within London's middle class live in particular zones of the city. It emphasises the differentiation of the middle class into different urban sites, and shows how different middle class areas form settings for the development of specific forms of social capital. The paper explores in particular how certain zones appeal to the middle class because they do not form sites of localized networks of established groups that can produce social capital, and are hence socially empty spaces' for middle class colonisation. On the other hand, other middle class areas encourage more positive bonding within the ranks of middle class gentrifiers. Butler shows how the differences between these types of places relate to processes of class formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the current politics of protest in urban areas. With a burgeoning immigrant population and high levels of migration, London, England, is a city in which competing notions of what it means to "be political" exist side by side and, in which this very difference is a motor for new kinds of expression. Using ethnographic work in London with the Sudanese community in relation to the Darfur crisis, the article develops a new model for understanding how new political subjectivities come into play and how subjects navigate between formal and informal realms of political practice.

The study of worker resistance has tended to focus on organizational attributes that may alter actors= capacity to respond, or on influential social relations occurring on the shop floor. This divide, partially driven by analytical and methodological preference, is also a function of different theoretical traditions. In this article, we suggest that organizational attributes and social relations at work may be simultaneously but also conditionally meaningful for workers and their potential resistance strategies. Findings, derived from analyses of unique data on 82 workplace ethnographies from the U.S. and England and that make use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) techniques, largely support these expectations. The configuration of poor workplace organization and worker-manager conflict significantly increases the likelihood of collective resistance in the form of strike action. This pattern also holds for certain, more individualized forms of worker resistance (i.e., social sabotage, work avoidance, and absenteeism), and within poorly run and less bureaucratized work environments. Cross-national differences in the forms of worker resistance typically employed are also reported. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and methodological implications of our results for future analyses of worker satisfaction, workplace change, and resistance-oriented action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use recent advances in event-history diffusion model to examine temporal and spatial patterns in the Captain Swing uprising that occurred in southern England in 1830. Prior studies of Swing considered the possibility of diffusion within the wave, but favored alternative explanations focused on local economic conditions. These conclusions were incomplete, however, in part because the available analytical tools were insufficient to thoroughly examine interdependence among the events and clusters of actors. Using the event history diffusion approach, we identify significant temporal and spatial heterogeneous contagion patterns operating in addition to economic and population factors. These patterns support a theoretical diffusion framework that requires recognition of inter-event and inter-actor influence to better understand the dynamics of protest waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although hospice has existed since ancient times, today's hospice began in 1967 when Dame Cicely Saunders established St. Christopher's Hospice in England. She introduced hospice to the United States with a series of lectures at Yale University. From its humble beginnings almost 40 years ago of providing end of life care inside church basements, hospice in America had grown to a $10 billion dollar business in 2007. Approximately 4,700 hospices were in existence in 2009 and hospice care is available in all 50 states. Early hospices were dominated by the non-profit sector. Advocates believed hospice care to be humanistic and holistic, focusing on the psychosocial as well as the physical needs of the patient and family. Today's hospices are often linked to other hospices, home health agencies, hospitals or multi-million dollar for-profit corporations. Proof that hospice is now a lucrative business was the acquisition by Gentiva Health Services in August 2010 of Odyssey HealthCare, for $1 billion, making Gentiva one of the largest hospice providers in the country with operations in 30 states and an average daily patient census of 14,000 patients. Faced with a multitude of problems including increased competition, increased state and federal government rules and regulations and more limited funding, today's hospices are becoming more standardized in their care of patients and organizational structure. Using Weber's theory of rationalization and Ritzer's theory of McDonaldization, this paper will show the evolution of hospice from end of life care inside church basements to a mainstream bureaucratic, rationalized organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stemming from Weber's work on bureaucracy and Foucault's work on governmentality, the predominant view is that states are the primary social constructors of official information gathering, such as censuses. We agree that social construction occurs in this way, but we argue that this Weberian/Foucauldian perspective exaggerates the influence of states by ignoring cultural practices of lay categorization that determine the content of the information and political struggles that determine where such information can be collected. This paper illustrates these influences with three pre-modern cases of England, Italy, and the colonial U.S. In England, a strong state created comparatively little information because of a long history of oral culture and a strong agrarian elite that opposed state information gathering. In contrast, relatively weak states in the Italian peninsula gathering extensive information based on a lay tradition of literacy and numeracy and a strong agrarian elite who did not oppose such information gathering. In the colonial U.S., relatively weak states were also successful at collecting information because of relatively high rates of literacy and self governance, coupled with lay, elite, and business interests in settling the American frontier that demanded information gathering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. There is an emerging literature focusing on the impact of late career transitions on health, but little is known about the role working time modulations might play in explaining older workers' health. Methods. Using the English Longitudinal Survey on Ageing (ELSA) waves 4 to 7, the article assesses the association between the different types of change in working time, the total weekly working hours at baseline and the level of incomes and the change in self-reported health (SPH). The model controls for financial wealth, qualification, gender, age, sector of activity and self-reported health at baseline and also controls for attrition and non-responses. Results. Respondents who retired have a better SPH than those who keep working at constant working time. Those who work long hours benefit more from retiring. Respondents who worked long hours before being unemployed tend to be less affected by a negative change in SPH. Those who reduced working time by 50 per cent or more and worked long hours at baseline have lower probabilities to be affected by a negative change in SPH compared with those who worked fewer hours. Finally, low paid workers are those who benefit the most from retiring or reducing working time. Conclusion. There is a significant association between change in working time and change in self-reported health that needs to be investigated in further research. Results point out the need to foster working time arrangements for low paid workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In London (unlike some other cities in Europe), women and those from minority ethnic groups are relatively under-represented among those who commute by bicycle. Against a policy backdrop of attempts to increase cycling rates (to improve the health of the population and the environmental health of the city), we explored the relationships between transport mode choice, health and morality in the accounts of commuters in London. Drawing on data on cycling participation, published literature and interviews with commuters, we suggest that the meaning of cycling for health is gendered, and ethnically constructed. The specific kinds of 'health' that are seen as produced or displayed by cycling are differently understood across different population groups. Many of those who cycled regularly saw themselves as 'cyclists', and saw cycling as a holistic strategy for improving their own health, their moral health and the environmental health of the city. Non-cyclists, however, focused on threats to health (injury, pollution). These differences did not map directly onto gender, but some gendered (and ethnic) identities resonated more closely with a 'healthy' cycling body than others. These resonances, we argue, help explain why cycling participation rates appear to vary across population segments. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underresourced or socially excluded communities demonstrate active use of information technologies despite continuing digital inequalities. A systematic look at 31 grassroots community groups, how they use IT and who helps them, reveals possible mechanisms towards a more inclusive network society. Social network and social capital theories (Wellman, Granovetter, Putnam, Lin) help make apparent how people are self-organizing with respect to information technology in ways that reach across ethnicity, class, gender, and generations for skilled help, yet stay close to their strong-tie, bonding-social-capital networks, relying largely on people in their own communities. Based on 25 measures of IT use, the groups fall into three progressively more extensive categories: downloaders (using computers and the Internet, particularly email), uploaders (maintaining a group web presence), and cyberorganizers (helping others to become uploaders or downloaders). These categories align with group purpose.The method helps move the emerging field of community informatics beyond the case study by analyzing a sample of 31 community groups and their 62 IT helpers. Empirical proof is provided via statistical tests on closed-end responses along with narratives extracted from interviews. Policy models might usefully take into account the relatively invisible but active networks within socially excluded communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As early as the 17th Century, England established Poor Laws to prevent poor from migrating from less generous parishes to more generous ones. Contemporary discussions of homeless service provision in the United States echo concerns over migration for services. Using data from the 1996 National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients, I examine (1) the extent to which homeless service users move before receiving services (2) differential moving rates among groups of service users (3) the types of places different groups of homeless service users move from and to and (4) transiency or the number of times different groups of homeless service users move within a homeless spell. A majority of homeless clients received services in the same city or town they were living in when they became homeless. Black homeless clients and female homeless clients were less likely to have migrated. Black homeless clients may have less of a need to move to find services, because services are more likely to be located near where they become homeless. Previous research has shown that large central city areas have more service availability than smaller areas. Black homeless clients were more likely to both start their homeless spell in a large central city location and end up using services in that location or in another large central city. Homeless spells were longer for Black homeless clients, but were more transient for White homeless clients, who were more likely to stay in three or more towns during their spell. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]