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We analyzed the nature of sociological social psychology as reflected in the pages of Social Psychology Quarterly (SPQ), 1975-2005. We examined 1,037 papers published in SPQ during the 31-year time period. We analyzed trends in format, authorship, and research methods. We used cited reference searching to determine SPQ's top authors, top institutions, and most influential papers, as well as the top journals citing SPQ. We conclude that sociological social psychology has strength in diversity, but may face some challenges ahead. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between associational development, public sphere development and hegemony? How does this relationship affect the management of territories and populations in divided societies along national lines? Theoretically, this paper builds on the concepts of hegemony, civil society, and public sphere to argue that hegemony requires both a thick civil society (in Gramsci's terms) and a de-politicized public sphere (in Schmitt's terms). Further, the de-politicization of the public sphere has to be established before the development of civil society. By contrast, when associational development takes place within a politicized public sphere, it leads to the bifurcation of civil society. Empirically, this paper investigates the Israeli-Palestinian negotiation process (Oslo, 1993-2000). On the one hand, Oslo set off a process of associational construction among "Palestinian Israelis," which, by occurring within the politicized Israeli public sphere, led to the political counter-mobilization among the Jewish Israeli public. On the other hand, it also set in motion a process of associational development in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. By taking place within a public sphere, which, like the Israeli one, is highly politicized, it increased the pressure on Oslo's political and territorial concessions. Through the Israeli-Palestinian case, this paper suggests that the timing of the de-politicization of the public sphere and of associational development is a key analytical axis for the study of democracy, nationalism, and conflict management in divided societies along national lines. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much has been written on ways poverty, politics, and power have fueled the AIDS epidemic in Africa, far less attention has been focused on how an epidemic of this magnitude is transforming African societies. This paper explores the social impact of AIDS in Africa, examining how gender relations are shifting in the context of the epidemic. Specifically, this paper asks: how are conceptions of masculinity changing in urban Uganda in the age of AIDS? Uganda is the focus of this paper because it is viewed as the continent's great success story in reducing HIV infection rates. Focusing on life in one poor community in the capital city, this paper presents data on how gender and sexuality are connected to changing ideas about being a man.Eschewing any simplistic causal link between AIDS and masculinity, this paper suggests AIDS is a significant factor shaping sexual intimacy in urban Uganda. Nearly a quarter century after AIDS was first discovered in Uganda, the disease has been subsumed into the fabric of everyday life. It underlies decisions both mundane and consequential, and is now inextricably bound to conceptions of masculinity and what it means to be a man in a place like Uganda. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data used for this paper was from the Toledo Adolescent Relationship Survey (TARS). The main purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between levels of jealousy and communication awkwardness and whether these levels increase the odds of verbal and physical aggression in the teenage intimate relationship. Currently, there exists a large body of research on teen dating violence yet a notable absence remains when considering jealousy-communication awkwardness linkages. This paper attempts to provide some insight into this relationship. The main hypothesis of the paper suggests that individuals with high levels of jealousy and communication awkwardness will have the greatest odds of physical and verbal aggression. The results indicate that highly jealous and highly awkward individuals have increased odds of verbal conflict. Irregardless of communication awkwardness level, high levels of jealousy are most predictive of physical aggression. The results seem to suggest that high levels of jealousy are the strongest predictive variable for aggression, especially physical. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals that make activism an integral part of their identity and daily life use the support of an activist friendship network to motivate and sustain their involvement. While the activist network may seem more likely to be supportive, family, non-activist friends, and co-workers may make an activist identity difficult to maintain. In this paper, I focus on the role of different communities on the sustainability of an activist identity. In particular, by using semi-structured life history interviewing of nine People's Coalition activists, this study concentrates on how family, friends, significant others, religion/spirituality, work, and school can be supportive for the activist. A community can be supportive by showing respect, granting time allowances, sharing a political ideology, donating money and labor, and being a source of justification, motivation, and rejuvenation for the activist. I develop the term "valued communities" to represent the people and organizations that are valued (loved, needed, dependent, etc.) by the activist. However, in contrast to what the larger literature suggests, this study found that communities are not uniformly supportive, with some ties even working against continued activism. People or organizations within the "valued community" can hinder and/or support activist involvement. This paper will focus on the intersection of biography and past/present interpersonal relationships that influence time constraints and the ability to sustain an activist identity. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the theoretical foundation of arguments regarding the ways vision/sight affects social relations between visually impaired/blind people and sighted people during face-to-face social communication. The outcomes of this theoretical union focus on pervasive features of the lived experience with visual impairment/blindness. Narrative data was used to explore how an inability to adequately attend to visible non-vocal gestures and behaviors, normatively displayed during face-to-face social encounters with sighted people, leads to communicative troubles for visually impaired/blind people. Ordinary conventions used by sighted people in face-to-face social interaction require that people use their sight to fulfill participatory responsibilities. Such conventions impose communicative demands on visually impaired/blind people that are difficult to honor. Failure to respond as expected leads to interruptions in ongoing communication and negative social consequences. The theoretical orientation of this paper combines Ethnomethodology, Dramaturgy, and Conversation Analysis. The objective of this paper is to further explore the ways these theoretical orientations contribute to an understanding of the communicative problems associated with the lived experience with visual impairment/blindness. The purpose is to discuss the nature of communicative troubles disclosed in stories regarding basic face-to-face social exchanges they have had with sighted people. This paper advances research on visual impairment/blindness and disability studies by locating disabling barriers in ordinary everyday communicative conventions, as opposed to individual characteristics or societal patterns. Two data sources were used to investigate these issues: semi-structured and focus group interviews. Narrative data from five focus groups and twenty interviews were used to inform this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divorce is one of the most studied aspects of American family life. Despite advances in our ability to conduct research, a fundamental measurement problem remains: the underreporting of divorce in surveys. This paper examines individual factors that lead to misreporting divorce. This study explores two types of misreports: not reporting a divorce and inaccurately reporting the divorce date. Currently survey researchers discount male divorce reports without fully understanding the factors leading to the lower accuracy of male reports. This paper tests other possible factors in addition to sex for misreporting divorce. This study employs a quasi-experimental research design to compare information derived from 1989 and 1993 divorce decree certificates with corresponding follow-up survey data on marital histories. The sample includes one randomly selected spouse from 2,148 couples who lived in four Wisconsin counties at the time of the divorce. In 1995, subjects were surveyed by one of three survey modes: mail questionnaire, computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) and computer assisted personal interview (CAPI). Basic logistic regression models are used to test relationships. Factors found to increase the likelihood of reporting a divorce date are interviewer presence during the surveys, longer marriage duration, not married or cohabiting, and lower church attendance. Factors that lead to reporting a divorce date accurately are longer marriage duration, high church attendance, and being younger. This research suggests that male surveys may not be as inaccurate as previously thought and responses to question about divorce on mail questionnaires may result in more errors compared to either CATI or CAPI surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a notion of ontological fields by transforming Foucault’s early concept of the episteme. The paper discusses the terms of this transformation and defines two fundamental aspects of this field: the texture of social relations (following Elias) and the topography of a social space (following Geertz). It concludes with a brief discussion of how to translate the concept into an empirical project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a decoupling research lens, emergent from within the neo-institutional approach, to reexamine and problematize the link between individualization in late-modern societies and the cross-national adoption of organizational models. Based on a content analysis of journal items dealing with one individualistic organizational model, that of Human Relations (HR), in an as yet un-individualized society, that of Israel in the 1950s-1960s, the paper highlights the decoupling of meaning from practice. It shows that, as against most accounts of the neo-institutional approach, individualization of society does not constitute a precondition for the cross-national diffusion of organizational models. In its travel from the liberal-individualistic US to collectivistic Israel, the individualistic meaning and interpretation ascribed to the model in its context of origin, has been decoupled and replaced by an interpretation highlighting the contribution of the model to the collective good. Focusing on the decoupling of meaning from practice and on the interpretation ascribed to similar practices in different institutional settings allows for the problematization of the assumption of diffusion and global homogenization characterizing most institutional studies of cross-national diffusion of organizational models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines recent literature on ?successful aging,? developed primarily by Rowe and Kahn (1997). Successful aging literature suggests that older adults have agency and autonomy over disease and disability; when remaining free from disability, older adults consequently will maintain a high level of physical and cognitive functioning, continue interpersonal relationships, and contribute productively to society. Much of the research on successful aging has been quantitative, defining ?aging? as well as ?success? in aging very narrowly; thus, this paper serves not only to examine but also to critique this literature. The authors of this paper ultimately call for an increase in qualitative research and a broader conceptualization of what it means to age ?successfully,? so as to promote a greater understanding of how diverse populations conceptualize and engage in aging processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists of service work have neglected to study the games played by workers in service occupations, just as they have rarely applied the concept of consent to service work jobs. In this paper, using ethnographic data from work in two luxury hotels, I look at service workers? games. Though they are similar to games in manufacturing in their organization of workers? autonomy, these games differ in one key respect: the crucial role of the customer as the generator of unpredictability fundamental to games. Multiple labor processes in the hotel are also key. The paper also addresses the question of what is being consented to in the service sector, demonstrating that guests? appropriation of workers? self-subordinating emotional labor, as well as managers? appropriation of labor power, is at issue. Furthermore, games not only obscure social relations of production but also normalize what I call ?social relations of consumption,? helping legitimate the unequal entitlement of guests to workers? labor and to social resources generally. The paper concludes with a discussion of the applicability o f these findings to other service sector jobs and the need to reincorporate the concept of consent into the sociology of service work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reassesses Tannenbaum?s thesis on the differences between North American and Latin American race relations by looking to the colonial period for the origins of modern racial categories and by placing the development of free labor and ideologies of whiteness at the center of analysis. Focusing on Virginia and Cuba, the study examines how colonial legal and social regulations, particularly those surrounding labor and sexual relations, generated distinctive systems of social stratification and novel conceptions of race in the two colonies. These disparate approaches to labor and racial classification in the colonial period shaped nineteenth century transformations in the labor regime and nation-building in Cuba and the US more broadly, as the dismantling of slavery, the rise of wage labor, and increased immigration altered discourses of race and nation. The paper argues that the way in which colonial Virginia and Cuba solved their labor problems fundamentally shaped their constructions of racial categories. It concludes that the absence of a cross-class racial contract comparable to the one scholars like Edmund Morgan and Charles Mills have identified with the US is key to the disparate racial economies of Anglo and Iberian America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from the theoretical position that social relations and material conditions, as well as ideas, construct gender. Recognizing that parenthood is likely at the heart of gender inequality in heterosexual families, I examine the parenting practices heterosexual couples develop in the early postpartum period. Specifically, I look at the extent to which women do ?intensive mothering? and how involved men are in baby care. The study that provides the basis of the paper involves in-depth interviews with 40 couples as they move from pregnancy through their first year of parenthood. I argue that social class, especially labor-market success or failure, affects the likelihood that women will do intensive mothering and the extent of men?s involvement in baby care. The impact of the labor market was felt by women in obvious and subtle ways. Among the latter were differences in women?s relationship to time ? whether they felt they owned time and could spend it (on baby care), or that they had to use it (more) productively. Men?s ?consent? to intensive mothering was more likely to come from men who were involved in baby care, and their involvement was limited by ?hidden injuries of class.? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews prior work on the media and discusses two approaches. The first focuses primarily on the content of media and assumes that children passively consume such content. In this view the media directly affects children (positively or negatively). In the second approach children are seen as active agents who appropriate and use media content in their lives. This paper extends prior research in line with the second approach as children as active consumers, by focusing on children spontaneous references and uses of media in their peer cultures in preschool and elementary school settings in the United States and Italy. The study find that children have complex knowledge of the media, use it in their collective peer routines, and that the use of media can contribute to children?s development of literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an exercise in theoretical unorthodoxy that endeavors to produce new concepts and new ways of thinking about the interconnections of gender, violence, cities, and what many call "globalization," or more specifically structural adjustment in tune with worldwide neoliberal agendas. The point of departure is the phenomenon of secuestro express in crisis-ridden, structurally adjusted Buenos Aires: this is a form of swift and often indiscriminate kidnapping aimed at procuring lucrative payments in ransom from middle-class and elite Argentines. Interestingly, gender serves as an axis of differentiation in the ways wealthier residents of Buenos Aires react to this increasing and relatively novel threat, with men considerably more frightened than women, even though likelihood of victimization is not particularly gendered. The subjectivities of these menaced men become the focus of theorization in the development of two key concepts: the kidnapped flâneur and the gender of fear. In the context of a structurally adjusted urban modernity, several feminist theorists (Wilson, Young, Butler, and Mohanty) are helpful in drawing out the conflicts and anxieties inherent in changes to masculinity which men and women both begin to illuminate in personal interviews. Especially important beyond gender itself -- but still related to it -- is the changing status of the city, from revived Paris of the South during ostensible neoliberal success to Third World metropolis in the wake of neoliberal collapse. To conclude by way of theoretical extrapolation, the paper considers what is at stake when both the alteration of material urban terrain and the negotiation of global-economic agreements become sites for a politics of gender, one in which masculinity is put into question by a destabilization of relations and privileges among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although well known in classical studies and poetic circles, Ovid's (43BCE-18CE) The Art of Love and his related texts have received minimal attention from those in the social sciences. Ovid's writings on love may be best known for their advisory ad entertainment motifs, but this same set of texts also provides an extended and comparatively detailed set of observations on heterosexual interchanges as well as some remarkably astute analysis of interpersonal relations. Working within a symbolic interactionist frame (Mead, 1934; Blumer, 1969; Strauss, 1993; Prus, 1996, 1997, 1999), particular attention is given to the processes by which people engage others in romantic contexts, make sense of their experiences involving one another, deal with an assortment of third-parties, and manage wide ranges of related emotional sensations as they work their ways through aspects of the broader relationship process (from preliminary anticipations and initial encounters to terminations and reinvolvements of relationships). It is in these respects that this paper considers the more distinctive ethnographic potential of Ovid's depictions of love in the Roman classical era. As an instance of ethnohistory, Ovid's considerations of people's involvements with love, sex, and romance, along with the variable emotional states that people experience along the way, add some highly instructive cross-cultural and transhistorical dimensions to a more contemporary, generic examination of affective relationships. After using Ovid's materials as an additional data base with which to assess contemporary interactionist notions of "developing relationships," this paper concludes with a consideration of the implications of Ovid's works and contemporary interactionist studies for research on affective relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has examined the use of others as props for impression management (i.e. Presidents use of first ladies), but has left many areas unexplored, including the role of non-adults as important associates. This paper focuses on the unacknowledged role of children in the maintenance of identities, and management of impressions, of their mothers. Using in-depth interviews conducted with mothers of young children, this paper investigates what these mothers think about children's clothing, their conceptualization of Erving Goffman's (1959) front and backstage (or public and private spheres), and the impressions these women hope they portray through the physical appearance of their children. In addition to insight about these phenomena, the paper also discusses responses surrounding about the importance of first impressions, differences in meanings attached to children's spoiled appearances (i.e. "new" dirt versus "old" dirt), and the sacrifices made in motherhood. Results show that women do use well-dressed and groomed children to enact and confirm identities as "good mothers"- and to protect and enhance their own self-concepts - during the course of everyday social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with a discussion of how transitions can be periods of growth or points of failure, depending on the person's response. Looking more specifically at the transition to college, Tinto (1993) identifies this transition period as crucial to a student's eventual success or failure in college. Tintos theory states that students stay in school when they become integrated into the social and academic realms of college life, which comes about as a result of adjusting to the formal and informal domains of these realms of the college environment. Because adjustment is actually about the social connections students form, I examine this adjustment process in terms of the ties that students form on campus. The final part of this paper examines the implications of the social and academic ties on academic (GPA) and social integration (satisfaction with social life). I find that the ties that students form in the process of adjusting to college do have implications for their later college outcomes. In particular, formal on-campus ties in both the social (school activities) and academic realms (engagement in coursework, talking to professors) are positively and significantly related to higher grades in college. I also find that those who form early ties with other students both informally and in the course of being involved in extracurricular activities express higher levels of satisfaction with their social life on campus at the end of their sophomore year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modernizing and Westernizing Tanzimat reforms (1839-1878) were an attempt to transform the multiethnic Ottoman empire into a nation-state. This paper studies the state attempt to form an Ottoman national identity at the local level during the Tanzimat. In studying state reforms and local responses, the paper raises broader questions for the study of state transformations and identity building: How do existing local identities interact with state projects? What kind of local relations, especially social networks, contribute or challenge state reform projects? In answering these questions, the paper studies intercommunal relations in the Balkan province of Edirne. The research is based on the analysis of archive documents that include petitions between the state and the local level. The findings of the paper show that local networks (dense connections between and within ethnic and religious communities) influenced the outcome of the state attempt to form an inclusive Ottoman citizenship in Edirne. Dense connections between communities facilitated local contributions for state projects in the administrative infrastructure. However, increase in state control over the administrative structure did not facilitate the formation of an Ottoman national identity at the local level. Rather, well-organized and closely-knit communities strengthen religious and ethnic identities and led to the failure of the Ottoman citizenship project in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a minimal dynamic model for the acquisition and loss of network contacts in ego networks. The model shows a simple relationship between the rate at which contacts are gained, the rate of loss, and the number of contacts observed in cross-section. The model produces a novel interpretation for the characteristics of tie strength in ego networks. Some conclusions based on the analysis of the model include: (1) any theory of ego networks must have a model of both the creation and destruction of ties, (2) the dynamics of tie strength are underspecified at present, (3) current methods of gathering data on ego networks provide virtually no information on weak ties, and (4) specifying the absence of ties is both more important, and more problematic than previously recognized. The paper concludes with some applications of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the social history of Southfield, Michigan and the events that lead to the integration of the city. Southfield with a total population of 78,322 people lies right across Eight Mile Road to the far Northwest side of Detroit. In 2000, blacks made up 54.2% of Southfield's population. Southfield's white population dropped by 27% between 1990 and 2000. So why do whites leave when blacks move in? Surveys report that the two reasons that whites mostly give to justify their moving are increase in crime and a decrease in housing values. The purpose of this paper is to disprove stereotypes and understand the demographics of Southfield and to see if there has been a significant change since blacks first migrated to the city in 1964. The analysis consists of an analysis of statistics from 2000 Census Data, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, and data from the Detroit News. Between 1990 and 200, there was a slight increase in crime and now Southfield leads Oakland County in crime. However housing values increased by 28 percent. Overall, there was some truth to the fears expressed by those whites who "took flight". Southfield is an "Edge City" with a daytime population of over 200,000 commuters, which may be contributing to the crime problem. The future of racial integration in Southfield, MI will depend on trends in neighboring municipalities, including Detroit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal norms emerge as embedded features of face-to-face behavior, coinciding with other controlling properties of interaction?interactants? status, maturity, intentions, and comfort in social settings. The present paper proposes a theory of interaction general enough to embrace all of these matters. Based in recent discoveries about the brain, the theory provides a model of brain-behavior mechanisms active in attachment. In previous research, we have used computational methods to discover the implications of the model for understanding core patterns in social interaction. But the model can also be used to derive implications about normative behavior. In this paper, we consider the potential applications of the theory for explaining conformity pressures in small groups, and show how the model explains the emergence of informal norms. We illustrate the argument using examples familiar to sociologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing understanding that collective social behaviors in general and social movements in particular are complex, dynamic systems; and that to fully understand the way social movements evolve over time we must understand the feedbacks that drive their behavior. Formal models can reveal these feedback structures by making explicit the assumed causal pathways by which action in one part of the system influences the remainder of the system. This paper describes a section of the literature of formal dynamic models of social movements by highlighting the causal influences and feedback structures that various authors consider contributory to collective action in this context. The paper reveals how models have built upon one another over the last 40 plus years in an attempt to identify and elaborate the feedback mechanisms responsible for social movement dynamics. The paper also reveals challenges faced in conceiving and constructing representations of these systems, and places where further consideration is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands on research by Brown and Booth (1995) who find that cohabiters with marital intentions are no different than already married couples in terms of relationship quality. In what other ways do cohabiters vary by marital intentions in comparisons to already married couples? This paper uses Wave 3 of the NSFH to examine if the act of marriage makes a difference in income, employment, hours worked, wealth acquired, health and healthy behavior, and how cohabiters vary in these areas by marital intentions. By comparing cohabiting couples with definite plans to marry to married couples who cohabited before marriage, this paper can examine if marriage really does matter, or if it is the conflation of different groups of cohabiters with varying marital intentions that results in perceived differences. With few exceptions, marriage itself does not make a difference in these areas, although cohabiters who are less certain about their marriage plans are in many cases significantly different from already married couples. The author discusses the ways in which uncertainty in marriage plans, rather than the act of marriage itself, can affect or is affected by these behavioral differences. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines gender differences in intergenerational relationships following marriage. Previous research suggests that couples have more contact with and provide more assistance to the wife's family than the husband's family. Using qualitative data based on married men and women, this paper examines the extent to which this gender difference continues to hold true as well as why couples spend more time with one set of parents over the other. The paper also looks at mothers' perceptions of how their relationships change with adult sons versus daughters after marriage and their "strategies" for maintaining contact with adult children after marriage. The difference in the number of couples that spend more time with the wife's family than the husband's family was not substantial. Likewise, men and women both talked more to their own parents than to their in-laws. However, there was a greater likelihood of men versus women calling their in-laws more than their parents. This suggests that men are more likely to be pulled into the wife's family than vice-versa. Also, mothers noted a greater decrease in contact with sons versus daughters. Implications for in-law relationships are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of personal relationships have often been conducted in the laboratory, on the self-report questionnaire or in the interview, and been thought to be unstudyable outside research settings. This paper aims, firstly, to promote a study of personal relationships that is grounded in real-life social interaction. Second, it develops existing understandings of how interaction works in settings of various kinds. Drawing on a corpus of thirty 'speed-dating' encounters, recorded by participants at a real speed-dating event in the UK, it examines how talk about prior relationships is occasioned and patterned. A key feature of 'relationship history' sequences was their reciprocal organization: one party's disclosure followed another. However, the sequences were organized differently with regards to whether first and subsequent disclosures were 'volunteered' or 'prompted', with the majority of relationship histories being occasioned as second-pair part responses to elicitations. Relationship history questions contained design features for managing the delicacy of answering them, including trail-off 'or' turn endings and indexical components. In particular, participants whose answers disclosed no prior marriage, or that they had no children, were accountable for both statuses. Being able to demonstrate the ability to 'commit' to a long term relationship was oriented to as an attractive quality by the participants. Overall, the paper demonstrates the importance of examining the richly detailed brief encounters of social life, in order to better understand people's understandings of, troubles with, goals for, and management of their personal relationships. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Race has been, remains, and will probably continue to be a core social symbol informing human behavior. Racial identification is a central piece of human identity because it helps human organism navigate more easily through our complex modern social environments by informing us what to expect and how to behave towards others and ourselves in relation to race. Thus, developing race theory in sociology is important and it requires that we develop a better understanding micro-macro associations on how race identification is developed. The main goal of the paper is to show that context matters. The project endeavors to show a multileveled understanding of how process at the individual level both interact with process at the context level. It evaluates micro-macro associations in Hispanic's racial identification by using both multinomial and binary multilevel logit models. This paper hopes to fill the existing gap in sociological literature by using a multinomial and binary multilevel analysis of how Hispanics' racial identification is influenced by context. The hypothesis under observation deals with how non-Hispanic racial context at the state level influences the likelihood that Hispanics at the individual level will identify racially as White over some other race (SOR) or Black. The findings indicate that context matters: As the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites in a state increases, the likelihood of a Hispanic identifying racially as White over SOR or Black increases. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For young people with intellectual disabilities (ID), the transition from children's to adult services has long been recognised as a challenging move. One of the aims of the White Paper 'Valuing People' (2001) was to address some of the problems associated with this transition. This paper reports on data from a project which examines the impact of these service changes, and the ways in which transition is negotiated by carers, professionals and users. It presents a conversation analysis of 8 tape-recorded formal review meetings at which transition to adult services is discussed. It takes as its starting point the existing interactional work on ID and the way in which this demonstrates the effects of the local and contextual specifics of particular kinds of interaction on the eventual outcomes (e.g. Rapley 2004, Antaki 2001, Maynard and Marlaire 1992). We show that an attempt to allow self-determination in the context of transitions can paradoxically result in undermining user choice and control. We also argue that, while a rule-based approach to practice may offer moral clarity for professionals, it can result in interactional and practical difficulties which cannot be easily reconciled. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second report of an ongoing study of social structure and personality in transitional urban China, designed to be comparable to earlier studies done in transitional Poland and Ukraine. In this paper, we develop measurement models of two key job conditions - the substantive complexity of work and closeness of supervision - that past studies have shown to be a crucial link between position in the class structure and social stratification hierarchy and those dimensions of personality whose measurement was described in the earlier paper. The measurement models prove to be very similar to those for Poland and Ukraine, and are essentially invariant for cities of differing levels of privatization and wealth. The correlations of substantive complexity and closeness of supervision with personality are in pattern much the same for Chinese men and women as for Poles and Ukrainians of the same gender, but the magnitudes of relationship are smaller than those for Poland, which had rapidly been transformed into a nascent capitalist country, and of about the same magnitude as those for Ukraine, which was still very much in process of radical social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides evidence to show how the social resources that assist youth throughout their schooling affect their educational futures. This paper questions how social capital generated within an institution can enhance youths' post-secondary educational outcomes, specifically their admission to four-year colleges and selective colleges. Social capital is operationalized as resources gained through social relationships, shared through social networks, and mobilized to promote social norms and expectations. This study employs ethnographic field observation; interviews with enrolled students, alumni, teachers, and administrators; and data from the first wave of a longitudinal survey. The school enables its working class, ethnic minority, first generation college students (selected by random lottery) to gain admission into some of the nation's most selective universities, however matriculation and retention in these and other four-year colleges presents more complicated and less linear trajectories. This paper elaborates the mechanisms behind these processes and pathways, demonstrating the need for further school culture, Latinidad, and educational transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current debates about immigration typically portray Mexican migration as a process that fits neatly within the "legal/illegal" paradigm and often stigmatizes Mexicans as "illegal aliens." This paper examines the question of "illegality" by focusing on the ways in which migrants negotiate a status conferred upon them by the state. Based on interviews and observations, this paper explores the legal and extra-legal tactics used by migrants in new destinations to strategize around a category imposed upon them by law. This article demonstrates the ways in which Mexican migrants cross the boundaries of "legality" and "illegality and how social ties are used negotiate "illegality" in every day life. These findings contribute to the migration literature by proposing that the fear of being detected is contextualized rather than a constant thus dispelling the idea that the undocumented are always living in the shadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What tools in its discursive and practical cultural toolkit has the Chinese state used historically to inform its policies and practices towards overseas Chinese? How do contemporary practices of territorial state-deterritorialized society relations fit into the larger scheme of modern Chinese history? To answer these questions, I trace how changes in narrative and continuities in practice from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the present have shaped the Chinese state's relationship with the overseas Chinese community. The first section of this paper consists of historical research, while the second analyzes current practice as portrayed in Chinese mass media. In this paper, I argue that the state's current practices towards overseas Chinese are shaped by a discursive and practical repertoire. I find that nationalist narratives are powerful sculptors of practice even beyond their intended domain, exhibiting consequences beyond the borders of the territorial state. Examining enduring practices provides a fruitful supplement to studying narratives, accounting for practices that cannot be explained through narrative alone. Moreover, analysis of contemporary Chinese mass media, which serves as an official mouthpiece for the state, reveals how the state skillfully weaves personal biographies of overseas Chinese into the larger nationalist, public narrative. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines contemporary literature on "successful aging," as developed primarily by Rowe and Kahn (1997). Successful aging literature suggests that older adults have agency and autonomy over disease and disability; when remaining free from disability, older adults consequently will maintain a high level of physical and cognitive functioning, continue interpersonal relationships, and contribute productively to society. Much of the research on successful aging also has been quantitative and prescriptive, defining "aging" as well as "success" in aging very narrowly; thus, this paper serves not only to examine but also to critique this literature by reporting on a 2006 survey of Michigan residents about their "success" in aging. Specifically, survey data is presented to show whether and how diverse individuals define themselves as successful agers, and how closely individuals adhere to Rowe & Kahn's perspective on this subject. In their conclusions, the authors call for a broader conceptualization of what it means to age "successfully" and additional sociological research in this area, to promote a greater understanding of how diverse populations conceptualize and engage in aging processes. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores Durkheim's different notions of rationality, aims to formulate a Durkheimian theory of social integration, which should be both unitary and compatible with a particular version of RCT, and to this end refers to the whole Durkheimian work. To pursue these theoretical goals, it recalls Durkheim's fundamental distinction between an individual and social state of consciousness, which may be related to two distinct conceptions of rationality as may be found in RCT. The paper explores, furthermore, the societal preconditions and consequences which characterize, according to Durkheim, the one and the other state of consciousness, especially insofar as solidary rules and norms are concerned. A Durkheimian theory of social integration is then formulated, and its relationship with some unresolved issues in RCT discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of scientific work is to create new knowledge and innovations, but quantifying innovation has been viewed as impossible (Dogan and Pahre 1990). I argue that one way to generate original, innovative research is to span specialty areas within a field and I develop two quantitative measures of this process using data collected for this purpose. I use these measures to test theoretical ideas about the risks and benefits inherent in innovative work, focusing my analysis on the discipline of sociology. I find that with the exception of the American Sociological Review, integrative papers are no less likely to appear in prestigious journals, suggesting few publication-related risks to engaging in integrative research. And the benefits, at least in terms if visibility and impact, are quite large: integrative papers, once published, garner a significantly greater number of citations from subsequent scholars. The results of this paper suggest that integration has the potential to be a healthy antidote to undue specialization and fragmentation in the field. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social theorists since the 1970's (e.g., Sennett, Bellah, Giddens, Bauman) have paid special attention to the rise of a 'culture of intimacy' shaping personal relationships. Late-20th century social shifts in western societies (e.g., in notions of individualism, in gender relations, labor participation and the role of welfare state) promised to reorganize the field of social relationships, and romantic bonds in particular. The first portion of this paper sketches the development of theoretical perspectives on intimacy, highlighting the variability of interpretations. Normative positions aside, however, theorists generally agree that a culture of intimacy has arisen which brings with it an historically unique context for romantic relationships. The second half of the paper articulates a concept of 'intimate solidarity' and outlines an analytical framework for original research on intimacy. To the extent that a culture of intimacy valorizes individuation and connection simultaneously in relationships, individuals must navigate a path straddling both impulses. I suggest a concept of intimate solidarity to capture the tensions associated with the balancing act, noting that current research on heterosexual relationships overlooks this facet of contemporary intimate culture. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists study two kinds of inequality: personal inequality (inequality between persons, as in income inequality) and inequality between subgroups (as in racial inequality). This paper attempts to analyze the connections between the two kinds of inequality. The paper proceeds by exploring a set of two-parameter continuous probability distributions widely used in economic and sociological applications. We define a general inequality parameter, which governs all measures of inequality (such as the Gini coefficient), and we link the general inequality parameter to the gap (difference or ratio) between the means of subdistributions. In this way we establish that, at least in the two-parameter distributions analyzed here, and for the case of two nonoverlapping subgroups, as personal inequality increases, so does inequality between subgroups. Further, we explore the connection between subgroup inequality (in particular, the ratio of the bottom subgroup mean to the top subgroup mean) and decomposition of personal inequality into between-subgroup and within-subgroup components, focusing on one important decomposable measure, the MLD, and its operation in the Pareto variate. In this way we establish that all the quantities in the decomposition are also monotonic functions of the general inequality parameter. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network analysis can enrich school-based research on children's peer relationships. Unfortunately, accurate network analysis requires near complete data on all students, and is underutilized in school-based research due to low consent rates. This paper advocates Krackhardt's cognitive social structures (CSS) as a solution to the problem of missing data in social networks research. The paper compares CSS to other common strategies for dealing with missing data, and shows how CSS results in more complete and accurate data. Additionally, the paper uses an example of a sixth grade classroom network to demonstrate the application of CSS and potential analyses. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on patterns of parental time involvement with children in the U.S. has increased in recent years. However, few studies have as their chief aim an understanding of if parents time involvement with children differently across diverse family forms. The key contribution of this paper is to elaborate extant knowledge by examining the structured time that children spend in a diverse array of two-parent families. Structured time spent by children is used to index the level of institutionalization of parenting in a particular type of union. We limit our investigation to households with two coresidential "romantically" involved adults (e.g., first marriage, remarriage, and cohabitation) because a deepened understanding of the heterogeneity of two-parent households as environments for children is important empirically and conceptually. Through our emphasis on households with two parents, or at least one biological and one potential parental figure, this paper may lead to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between family structure and child well-being. A second contribution of this paper is that we investigate the extent to which the level of institutionalization of parental unions, rather than the qualities that parents bring to the unions, contribute to the variation in children's structured time. Attempting to capture differences in the structure of parenting practices that are attributable to parental unions themselves is quite challenging, and we will be appropriately cautious in our interpretation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I introduce a social psychological dimension to the paradigm of new institutionalism in economic sociology. In particular, I demonstrate how the source of an actor's motivation impacts interpersonal relationships within institutional environments. The main question I address is why efforts to provide monetary rewards and sanctions to developing countries have been so unsuccessful. I contend that when motivated to engage in local exchanges solely through external rewards and sanctions (such as those based on aid money), aid recipients tend to engage in interpersonal exchanges with less commitment than they would if they perceived their actions were more self-willed. As a consequence of this lower commitment, interactions among aid recipients generate low degrees of trust, leading to exchanges that have a low overall level of commitment and are prone to degeneration. This account highlights the importance of motivational sources in institutional contexts. New institutionalism in economic sociology focuses on the importance of incentives, but it does not address the psychological impact of incentives that are extrinsic versus intrinsic. By elaborating on this distinction, this paper seeks to add an important dimension missing from the current literature in new institutionalism. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the openings of co-present encounters, arriving and pre-present parties who choose to establish mutually ratified social co-presence confront a practical problem: 'how do we synchronize ourselves with one another?' Such synchronization is crucial to managing and navigating daily social life, for parties recurrently enter into the early moments of face-to-face interaction coming from different 'places' - literally in terms of their respective originating or source locations, and metaphorically in terms of their respective arrival states (including physiological, emotional and epistemic 'states'). This paper examines one interactional resource parties use to solve this synchronization problem: pre-present parties' previous activity formulations. These are utterances through which pre-present persons summarize the activities (which can include conversational topics) in which they were engaged before establishing co-presence with arrivers, telling arriving parties 'what you're coming into'. In this paper, I analyze pre-present parties' previous activity formulations, first by describing how speakers launch these utterances. I then elucidate the interactional work parties do through these formulations. Finally, I examine 'where' parties produce these formulations vis-à-vis both overall structural organization and sequential organization, showing how these formulations are interactionally generated events. A principal finding of this analysis is the discovery of a systematic preference organization that informs co-participants' interactional conduct during these sequences, one that has direct implications for interactional affiliation and social solidarity vis-à-vis negative and positive 'face wants'. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although marriages during pregnancy have become less common, pregnancy continues to act as a catalyst for marriage for some couples. Current Federal policies aim to increase marriages during pregnancy, which are colloquially referred to as "shotgun marriages." Our paper uses data from Fragile Families and the National Survey of Families and Households to compare the characteristics, relationship quality, and stability of three groups of couples: those that married before conception, shotgun marriage couples, and couples with a nonmarital birth. Using propensity score matching techniques, we intend to show the extent to which differences across these three groups of parents in relationship quality and stability are the result of selection. Our preliminary results suggest that (a) shotgun couples occupy an intermediate position between other married and unmarried couples in terms of demographic characteristics and relationship quality and outcomes, and (b) shotgun couples and couples that have a nonmarital birth are similar in their relationship quality and differences in their stability are reduced by one-half after selection is taken into account using propensity score matching techniques. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between interactional bases of gender inequality and stigma as an interactional process of social control by using data from in-depth interviews with 35 unmarried women to explore experiences of stigma in the lives of single women. The analysis finds that experiences of Link and Phelan's (2001) stigma processes of labeling, stereotyping, separation and status loss are widespread in this sample, and that those who pose a greater threat to the heterosexual gender order report more extensive experiences of stigma. Moreover, both the experiences of stigma among the women in this study and the strategies they adopt to manage stigma demonstrate Schwalbe et al.'s (2000) four basic processes of inequality - othering, subordinate adaptation, boundary maintenance and emotion management. The analysis concludes that the experience of stigma by single women plays an important part in reproducing gender inequality by shoring up its foundation in heterosexual marriage. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adulthood, transitional by nature, combined with an urban lifestyle can cause individuals to feel displaced and, in essence, unraveled. How do these individuals cope with the current state of dislocation? In which ways do they attempt to weave their lives to the lives of others in the city? Based on an ethnography of a young women's knitting group, this paper will attempt to show how particular urban settings, such as this knitting group, can foster ties that are neither strong, nor weak, but rather fluid, running the gamut between these two extremes. Drawing on their demographic traits, and their life stories, I will present the conditions under which this fluid social tie has developed. I will argue that certain contemporary phenomena, such as geographic and occupational mobility, have created conditions for social dislocation. Consequently, many of these women have sought out this group as a means of establishing and maintaining friendship. Through their constant shifting between openness and superficiality in conversation, I will show the ways in which they subtly walk the line between close and remote connections. Also, an analysis of their practice-focused interactions will reveal the means through which they use the activity knitting to navigate this social dance. Many of these women have sought out this group as a means of establishing and maintaining friendship, which, though partial, serve to fill some void in their social lives. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the predictive effect of positive, negative, and mixed emotions within dyads on the survival of adult friendships over a 25 year period. Mean age at the start of the study was 25. At the end, the average respondent was 50 years old. Prior research on this population of participants in adult communal households showed strong predictive effects of dyadic emotional loadings on commune membership turnover and household survival within a one year period of time. We therefore ask whether, and to what extent, positive, negative, and mixed emotional sentiments can also predict the endurance of friendships over 1, 12, and 25 year intervals from the baseline in three of the communes (one secular, one Christian, one guru-led) drawn from this same population. Taking advantage of highly detailed baseline emotion responses from all 'egos' about all possible 'alters' within each commune, we classify all dyads within each commune as initially positive, negative, mixed, or neutral in emotional loading. We find that the predictive power of emotions on friendship durability exists but decays slowly over time. This decay is slower for women than for men. Dyadic gender equivalence, sentiment-reciprocity, and residential propinquity all are seen to be significant covariates. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of both the long and short term aspects of militarism is inadequate. In the last quarter century, both geo-politics and everyday individual attitudes have proven to be more militaristic than many thinkers have expected. Power elite machinations have taken US foreign policy in an unprecedented imperial direction. Popular support for militarist discourse and policy, even taking into account that it is exaggerated by the media, seems to be puzzling many social and political analysts. This paper suggests a useful new direction for theorizing the social psychology of militarism. I argue for the theoretical importance of stable authoritarian and militaristic attitudes. These solid values, perceptions, and identities comprise the major popular support for militarist policy. To advance our understanding of militarism, we must return to the social psych idea, based in the Iowa School tradition, of a core self. One of the barriers to a better understanding of militarism is the prevailing view that there is no such thing as a core self or stable personality. Sociologically oriented social psychologists, dramaturgical theorists, and postmodern theorists have thrown out the baby of personality with the bath water of methodological individualism. Their denial of an abstract or stable self has led us to ignore an obvious fact about everyday interaction and ideology. The stable self aspects are at least as important as the mutable self aspects. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of psychologists have studied the relationship between empathy and altruism, arguing that empathy is one of the most important causes of altruistic or pro-social behavior. Most of this research is experimental, and very little research has been done on the relationship between empathy and helping behaviors in real-life settings. This paper uses data from the 1995 Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study and the altruism module of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) to test the relationship between empathy and a number of helping behaviors, including volunteering, blood donation, donations of money to charity, helping and giving money to friends and family members, and helping strangers. In both surveys, the relationship between empathy and helping behaviors was found to be weak or non-existent, and did not appear to be the result of measurement error. The results from multivariate regression models indicate that empathy may interact with other motivational factors, such as religiosity, moral obligation, altruistic role identity, and generativity, to cause altruistic behaviors, but further research is needed to explore this possibility in greater depth. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an effort to contextualize the two theoretical debates concerning social closure vs. structural holes and weak ties vs. strong ties by bringing in the conception of individuals' group affiliations, a concept originated by Simmel (1955). The emphasis is on the historical change in individuals' group affiliations and on the life course stages of individuals' group affiliations. We argue that there are close connections between the two debates and the conception of individuals' group affiliations will shed new light on the debates. We put forth hypotheses based on our argument and offer future directions for this line of research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural objects, like movies, books, and music, vary greatly in their success suggesting large inherent differences between objects. Yet, paradoxically, success in cultural markets remains unpredictable. In this paper we experimentally explore the possibility of self-fulfilling prophecies in cultural markets. We constructed a website where subjects (n = 9,996) could listen to, and if they chose, download new pop songs. By controlling the information that subjects received about the behavior of others, we can directly measure the effect of false beliefs about the popularity of the songs on subsequent success. We find that the perception of success does lead to future success and that, in some cases, the process can become self-sustaining. That is, distortions in perceived popularity, whether random or intentional, can lock-in and become stable. In other cases, these distortions fade away and do not affect long-term system behavior. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acting white hypothesis has captured the scholarly and popular imagination since the middle 1980s. Fordham and Ogbu argued that as a result of historic and contemporary discrimination, Black students undermine their school success by adopting oppositional orientations toward education. More specifically, they argued that high achieving Black students faced a burden of acting white. Recent work suggests that negative peer pressure is not pervasive among black students and that high achieving students have similar experiences of negative peer pressure regardless of race. In this paper, we use interview and existing school data to show that Black students are generally achievement oriented (even when they perceive racial discrimination in educational and employment), that their peers encourage high achievement, and that students are teased as often for low achievement as for high achievement. Moreover, some students who report negative peer pressure (teasing associated with high achievement) also report positive peer pressure (teasing for low-achievement and encouragement to perform better). Finally, we show that students often do not perceive achievement-related teasing as rooted in animosity. Understanding these processes can help us reframe our understanding of race and achievement and add complexity to work on peer relationships among Black adolescents. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]