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Through in-depth interviews and observations, I have begun to explore the meanings and implications of female coming-of-age rituals for the lives and experiences of the immigrant individuals, families, and communities who celebrate them in the United States. In particular, I ask: What can Filipino American debutantes and Mexican American quinceañeras tell us about the individuals, families, and communities who organize and participate in them? And, what can studying quinceañeras and debutantes reveal about how actors can transform ?culture?? This paper-in-progress explores how debutantes and quinceañeras are sites for the production of multiple and intersecting identities, including gender, race and ethnicity, class, and age, and can therefore help us better understand immigrants, the fastest growing proportion of the US population; as well as the processes by which by which we are shaped into gendered, racialized, socioeconomic, and national beings; and/ or how we might be able to change the conditions that disadvantage certain beings over others. Preliminary findings discussed include debutantes and quinceañeras as immigrant strategies for trying to survive and transcend ?multiple liminalities,? and experiences of limited economic and social mobility. Also discussed is the hypothesis that quinceañeras and debutantes are methods of culturally socializing younger generations, especially young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a set of testable ideas that predict the variation in ethnic identification historically and cross-culturally. The ideas predict when people will identify differently, the degree or quantity of that difference, and the actual symbols or attributes people take up to constitute their ethnicity. I conclude the paper by discussing the ideas' relevance to two specific bodies of literature: literature on ethnicity among whites in American and literature on assimilation. I argue that the ideas suggest we abandon the notion of "optional ethnicities" and that the ideas can stand as an alternative theory of assimilation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is widely known that many group differences are lost beneath encompassing racial terms such as Asian American, less attention is given to differences within any one specific ethnic group: the intra-national ethnicity dimension. Thus, this paper seeks to further understand the 1.5 and second-generation incorporation process by examining the intra-national ethnicity of children of immigrants from one nation, Viet Nam, and unfolding the experiences of two of its many sub-ethnic groups - the Vietnamese and the Chinese-Vietnamese. This paper explores the following questions: What differences, if any, exist between these two sub-ethnic groups? What are some ethnic identity and adaptation patterns and outcome for the children of the immigrants of this particular intra-national ethnic group (Chinese-Vietnamese vs. Vietnamese)? The purpose of this paper is to incite discussion and provide preliminary findings in this propose field of research. Findings from this study show that variances exist within this particular intra-national ethnic groups vis-à-vis ethnic identification and educational attainment. However, further research is necessary to explain the causes and consequences of these adaptation distinctions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper on gender attitudes, Rosenstein (2005) finds that an interaction exists between individual and group threat, such that when only one type of threat is included in a model, it acts as a proxy for the omitted threat. Consequently, when a model includes only one type of threat, the findings may lead to erroneous conclusions. The frequent use of threat in studies of racial attitudes requires that we determine if a similar phenomenon occurs in this context. The models presented in this paper demonstrate that such interactions are relevant in the context of race. This leads to the conclusion that any analysis of racial attitudes that includes one type of threat should also include the other type of threat. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using information from ongoing participant observation and in-depth interviews, this paper focuses on the role of local transborder processes and cross-border linkages between the cities of El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua which influence migration to and settlement in El Paso by individuals previously residing in Juarez. The emphasis on local dynamics surrounding national boundaries provides a counter argument to the presentation of border communities as constituting a transnational space in the broader sense and calls our attention to the unique local cultures surrounding the peripheral areas of nation-states. The development of this discussion is grounded in the historical connection between the two sides of the border, along with the literature on border dynamics and transnationalism. Throughout the paper I present border-based movement as substantially different from the construction of other transnational communities and highlight the contradictions in the explanations of border migration as understood using current theoretical paradigms. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to consider the phenomenon of immigrant adaptation in the United Kingdom through an intergenerational analysis of the nature and determinants of the educational attainments of the children of immigrants, that is, of second-generation immigrants (SGIs). Specifically, the paper examines the role of immigrant status, parental status, and ethnicity. Numerous theoretical accounts of immigrant adaptation and of educational attainment, as well as empirical descriptions of second-generation life outcomes, have highlighted the importance of such determinants. Upon examination of inferential statistics, the results show that immigrant status, and ethnicity appear to play an important yet limited role in the successful attainments of SGIs with regards to holding a university degree, whereas parental status does not. This sheds an interesting light on the phenomenon of adaptation, a phenomenon that ought to be more clearly established, given appropriate data. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican and Filipino farm workers in California formed the labor union known as the United Farm Workers of America in 1965. However, Mexican and Filipino farm workers made concerted efforts to form agricultural labor unions three decades earlier. Between 1933 and 1939, agricultural labor strikes would occur throughout California led by large numbers of Filipino and Mexican workers. This paper answers the following questions: Why were Filipino and Mexican farm workers unable to succeed in forming an agricultural labor union in the 1930s? Previous studies on California farm workers fail to provide adequate analysis of the effects of race, ethnicity, and white racism on the ability of workers of color to form a multiracial labor union. The paper argues that the failure of strikes in the 1930s are a function of white supremacy emanating from landowners, the government, organized labor, and the public at large. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports of health disparities by race and ethnicity have generated increasing interest in the media and are figuring more centrally in policy initiatives and government funding for new research. Some of this is evidenced by the National Institutes of Health's efforts to implement the Healthy People 2010 Initiative for ending health disparities and by high profile news coverage of BiDil (the Food and Drug Administration's first "ethnic" drug). Whether these health disparities are theorized as social disparities or biological or even genetic differences are consequential to health policies that the government pursues (from public health interventions to funding for biomedical research) to what services health care professionals offer their patients or advocate for the public. These conceptions may also impact other social welfare policies as well as everyday understandings of race or ethnicity. Therefore, how biomedical scientists research race or ethnicity and health is potentially hugely consequential. Yet we do not have a clear sense of how biomedical scientists investigate and report race and ethnicity and health. This paper addresses this lacuna and asks how biomedical researchers construct and analyze race or ethnicity in their studies and what conclusions they make about difference and health. The paper utilizes content analysis and examines 89 research grants supported by the National Cancer Institute and 204 research publications that resulted from the grants. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media hype demonstrates a concern for the white population becoming a numeric minority in the near future. Hispanics/Latinos are seemingly the target of blame for the relative decrease of the white population. Confusions about minority group status arise, however, when one considers that Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. Few empirical studies document the socio-demographic differences between the non-Hispanic/Latino populations and the Hispanic/Latino populations within various racial groups. This paper contributes to the literature by examining to what extent social and demographic differences exist within the ethnic subgroups of the two largest racial groups in the United States. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role of a Hispanic/Latino ethnic identification among the black population and the white population in the United States. Using 1990-2000 pooled IPUMS data, results show that the socio-demographic differences of Hispanic/Latino ethnic identity varies by race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critical analysis of nationalism and ethnonational conflict, focusing on the nature and dynamics of nationalism and national movements in the Third World, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union. Placing the analysis in a comparative-historical framework, the paper provides a theoretical approach that addresses the class nature of national movements and the class basis of national struggles in the age of globalization. It argues that, historically and today, the social forces behind nationalism and national movements have been various classes that are nationally based and intent on defending narrowly-defined class interests that are lodged in the nation-state. While nationalism, as an ideology, can be used by different segments of society against hostile outside forces, the critical issue in determining the nature and dynamics of national movements and ethnonational conflict is an understanding of the class basis of such movements and the class forces that are leading these movements in their struggle for national autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of local racial and ethnic groups and external organizations in creating specific types of charter schools in New York State. Prior work has shown that a combination of minority interests and conservative politics has helped the adoption of school choice policies at the state level. Other research has demonstrated that charter schools are often oriented to promoting local community identities and even specific racial and ethnic identities. This contradicts an historic public school mission—to create a cohesive national cultural identity—and also undermines the historic tendency toward larger, more bureaucratic, and more centrally controlled schools and school districts. This paper argues that the "tribal" character of charter schooling and racial group's reliance on external conservative sponsors are valid descriptions of New York charter schools, but that the specific character of charters is dependent on a complex play between local conditions and the global institutional models that provide organizational scripts for action. This interplay provides the potential foundation for a new institutional framework for public education and suggests how institutionalist theory might be revised to account for this possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcultures and dominant cultures can best be classified within hegemonic frame works that assign cultures hierarchical symbolic meanings. However, few scholars of culture stress the empowering aspects of knowledge on subordinate groups. One of the main challenges for scholars within the field of cultural studies is examining how subordinate groups use dominant frameworks to empower themselves. In this paper I will fill this gap by focusing on power relationships within the field of knowledge, with an emphasis on semiotic classification and the reproduction of power via structures of knowledge among dominate and subordinate subjects employing the theories of Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, and Patricia Hill Collins. I choose these authors because they hold historical and empirical theories of power relations vis-à-vis marginal and/or dominate cultures with regards to how power is reproduced within paradigms of knowledge that are symbolic and relational, gendered and racial. I will examine throughout this paper the strengths and weakness of Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault's theory concluding with Patricia Hill-Collins' theory of intersecting forms of domination as a holistic way knowledge and discourse can be viewed not only as oppressive, but empowering among marginal groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To challenge the state, individuals often overcome collective action problems and form political groups. In doing so, they organize around particular social attributes: a political group may be formed around tribal, class, religious, ethnic, or other affiliations. This paper presents a theory to explain why, holding culture and group motivation constant,political groups might organize around one affiliation over others - or, why groups may vary in their basis of group cohesion. Specifically, this paper presents a theory to explain the Kurdish case. Though the Kurds organized politically as tribes before the division of Kurdistan after World War I, by the 1990s Kurdish political parties, though all similar in their struggle for self-determination, organized around different social affiliations. Iraqi Kurds organized as tribes, Turkish Kurds as an ethnic group, and Iranian Kurds around urban-intellectual affiliations. This paper contends that degree of state centralization and differential treatment by the centralized state dictate the basis of political group cohesion. Where rule is indirect, political groups will organize around tribal affiliations. Where rule is direct, differential treatment on the basis of some attribute will yield political parties that organize around that same attribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to address the contemporary theoretical debates on the relationship between civil society and democracy which does not constitute only one aspect of contemporary civil society argument but is the central one. The core argument developed in this paper from a feminist perspective revolves around the caveat that civil society is itself a realm of fragmentation and inequality and for that reason we need to exercise prudence with regard to what civil society can do as an agent of democratization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on methodological debates around histories of slavery, race/ethnicity and sexuality in the Atlantic world, this paper examines the 'silencing of the past' (Trouillot 1995) and the work of 're-memory' within the writing and representation of post-slavery history and heritage. How are subaltern subjects who are barred from political personhood (and illegitimate topics that are barred from being spoken of) made present within academic, legal and other 'official' discourses? Or has there been a wholesale deconstruction of historiographic practice by those whom it has traditionally excluded? This paper offers n overview of how historical methods in and on the terrain of the Caribbean are 'breaking' from three different perspectives. First traditional methods are breaking down under the weight of new epistemological perspectives (including feminist research methods) and post-disciplinary approaches to the production of knowledge. Secondly, 'breaks' or silences, forgotten memories and re-created pasts, are being written into Caribbean histories and being recognized through acts of commemoration. And thirdly new practitioners and voices are breaking into history as a disciplinary field, not only stealing its claims to authority, but also 'polluting' it with new materials and perspectives that challenge its gender, class and racial orthodoxies through practices including oraliteracy and the foregrounding of erotic autonomy. Historical and comparative sociology has yet to respond to these fundamental challenges to mainstream methodologies, and the most advanced work in these areas continues to come from interdisciplinary arenas such as Caribbean Studies and Women's and Gender Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Census 2000 data about populations such as Latinos are widely analyzed and disseminated by researchers, community organizations, politicians, members of the media and others and have enormous political and economic implications. Census 2000 shows that approximately 5.3 million Latinos, or 15.1 percent of all Latinos identified panethnically, that is, they either did not write in a specific group or wrote in a general term such as ?Hispanic? or ?Latino.? This phenomenon garnered significant publicity, as it reflects an increase of 200 percent since 1990. Two potential explanations may account for the result: panethnic identification is a conscious choice by some Latinos and/or panethnic responses were influenced by methodological factors. The paper summarizes past theoretical and empirical findings about Hispanic panethnic identification and previous studies about the quality of Census 2000 Hispanic data. The paper compares comparable panethnic Hispanic data from Census 2000 and the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, an expanded sample of the American Community Survey, and incorporates findings from the 2002 National Survey of Latinos and other sources. The results are used to explore the implications and opportunities for how best to reflect the complex and fluid identities of Latinos in future collections of Hispanic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the literature on racial and ethnic inequality by analyzing disparities in private wealth among middle-aged American households. Using data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), this paper examines the extent to which family structure and intergenerational transfers of financial resources shape wealth disparities between and among three groups: Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Results from multivariate (censored) regression analysis reveal that differences in family structure exert significant effects on the distribution of household net-worth along racial and ethnic lines. However, as compared with Whites, intergenerational transfers of wealth in the form of inter-vivos gifts and bequests, have a stronger polarizing effect among the two minority groups. Also, nativity-status seems to play a key role in shaping the distribution of wealth among the Hispanic population. The implications of the findings to the literature on the race-class nexus are discussed in the last section of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how people respond to local racial versus ethnic composition when making residential choices, where mobility is a measure of racial tolerance and interracial relations. Informed by social-psychological, economic, and sociological theoretical frameworks of race relations, residential choice, and social capital, this paper attempts to further the understanding of race versus ethnic boundary-making, via residential choices. This paper investigates whether or not ingroup preferences and outgroup avoidance behaviors operate in residential mobility, especially comparing the differences when group concentration is defined by race versus ethnicity. Ingroup definitions may correspond more closely to ethnicity, while outgroup definitions may be determined by race or panethnicity instead. In addition, immigrants, who may not be as familiar with the American system of race, may be more likely to respond to ethnic composition rather than racial composition. This paper furthers the understanding of the relative salience and function of racial versus ethnic boundaries. I examine these issues in residential choice and mobility by nativity and for five racialized groups- whites, blacks, Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans, using restricted data from the 1990 U.S. Census. I employ nested discrete choice models to test hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes aspects of the conceptual context and the background for our current study of the identity perception Brazilian immigrant women in the Boston, MA area have of themselves. More specifically, the current, larger study will explore how, within the context of globalization, Brazilian women?s notions of gender, race, ethnicity, nation, class and immigrant status are negotiated, combined, and recombined and how the perception and negotiation of identity, as immigrants, affect Brazilian women?s ideas about their quality of life. In this paper, because of time and space constraints, we look at specific components of the conceptual context for our work, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the pioneering work on Brazilians in the Boston area, we describe several themes of globalization relevant to our research questions on identity and belonging and, finally, we report here on some preliminary findings from the interviews that we have begun to conduct with Brazilian women in the Boston area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no greater domestic socio-political struggle in Germany and France than what these nations have defined as ?the problem? of the integration of their Muslim populations into the society. This problem is exacerbated by the sluggish economic situation faced by twenty-first century post-industrial nations, especially those providing a social welfare cushion to the cyclical shocks of capitalism. The interaction of the visibility and separateness of Muslims and the difficulty of maintaining generous social welfare benefits in the face of reduced economic growth are driving current developments in law, politics and public policy in France and Germany. While the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, brought the U.S. Muslim population under greater scrutiny and increased hate crimes against them, Muslims are, by and large, somewhat more integrated into the general population in the United States than in either Germany or France. This paper seeks to explain why, and to document efforts within each of these societies to promote the integration of Muslims into the social system. After a brief introduction to the visibility of Muslims in each society, the paper examines the utility of world systems, metaconstitutional and conflict theories in explaining the interaction between the host society and its Muslim population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive paper analyzes the role of ethnic networks and organizations among the Indian diaspora in North America. Such networks are etched around the place of worship, ethnic stores, family gatherings, social occasions, cyberspace etc. and together with ethnic organizations, they serve as the basis of social capital, which is very useful for a diasporic community. This carved social capital not only helps fight discrimination in the ?host? society but also help negotiate diasporic identity and sets in social mobility. The paper highlights the role of prominent Asian Indian organizations in Canada and United States of America, NACOI and AIA included, along with religious and transnational organizations. These organizations apart from advocating India?s good relation with their adopted country (Canada and U.S), also lobby for India?s image and foreign policy along with enormously helping in ?homeland? development in the present era of resurgent globalization and transnationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will analyze strategies and experiences of Chinese women, who migrated into East Central Europe and achieved a certain degree of recognition in receiving societies. Even though the horizon of most Chinese women has not exceeded margins of the ethnic economy, a small number of them managed to built their independent careers in cultural and to lesser extent also in business fields. The first group of women under study drew upon their cultural capital in order to establish their individual networks within the host society. Social integration through intermarriage, knowledge of local language and culture combined with a great deal of flexibility in their career paths gave them a competitive advantage over their compatriots. Forming the small ?Chinese elite?, some of these women enjoy almost celebrity status in the Czech Republic. They act as cultural brokers, but the same time prefer to keep a distance from the Chinese ?community?. The second group of successful Chinese women in Prague is involved in the male-dominated business arena. Although their business networks are deeply embedded in the ethnic economy, the Chinese businesswomen also draw on support from religious ties and from the host society. Contrary to the studies emphasizing importance of ethnic networks for survival in an alien environment, this paper will argue that the Chinese women built up their careers by reaching outside of the Chinese networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framed in a semi-autobiographical manner, this paper focuses on the topic of the new 1.5 and second generation and the role of language in the search for home through personal identity. This paper draws from autobiographical accounts that are placed into larger historical context, and substantiated by theoretical frameworks. This paper explores my search for home through the navigation of multiple ethnic and social worlds. The goal of this paper is to create a dialogue on the issue of language and identity formation for the new 1.5 and second generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a new data set, this paper analyzes how ascription as measured by race/ethnic characteristics is shaping the Peruvian contemporary class structure. I found that the impact of the race/ethnic dimension in social mobility is minor in comparison with the class aspect. It is more centered on the effect that the race/ethnic dimension has on the class position for the previous generations than for the more contemporary ones. However, differences in equality of opportunities between indigenous and whites are still present: ?Whites? are the ones that are experiencing the least stratification (less inheritance) and have fewer barriers to upward mobility. The case of the ?mestizos? will be presented as one of ?perverse openness? where increased relative mobility corresponds in this case with processes of downward mobility. This paper suggests that the race/ethnic and class stratification orders are then mixing together. Even though inequality of opportunities are still accounted by race/ethnic differences, these results would suggest that class stratification will probably completely replaced race/ethnic ones, when a lower impact of association between origin and destinations will happened for the future generations, due the intense processes of race and ethnic cultural transformation and the increase of ?mestizaje?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modernizing and Westernizing Tanzimat reforms (1839-1878) were an attempt to transform the multiethnic Ottoman empire into a nation-state. This paper studies the state attempt to form an Ottoman national identity at the local level during the Tanzimat. In studying state reforms and local responses, the paper raises broader questions for the study of state transformations and identity building: How do existing local identities interact with state projects? What kind of local relations, especially social networks, contribute or challenge state reform projects? In answering these questions, the paper studies intercommunal relations in the Balkan province of Edirne. The research is based on the analysis of archive documents that include petitions between the state and the local level. The findings of the paper show that local networks (dense connections between and within ethnic and religious communities) influenced the outcome of the state attempt to form an inclusive Ottoman citizenship in Edirne. Dense connections between communities facilitated local contributions for state projects in the administrative infrastructure. However, increase in state control over the administrative structure did not facilitate the formation of an Ottoman national identity at the local level. Rather, well-organized and closely-knit communities strengthen religious and ethnic identities and led to the failure of the Ottoman citizenship project in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociological research and analysis of the Dakota Access Pipeline requires one to look at the past in order to understand the current grassroots movement. American Indians and all Indigenous peoples on the lands of this nation are too often deemed as identities of the past. As a result of American colonialism driven by capitalist expansion, Native Americans !ere forced onto arid, isolated reservations, hindering spiritual and historical connections with indigenous land" each affected tribe forced to assimilate into a lifestyle !here poverty remains overwhelming, healthcare necessities are unmet, and identity has become a battle. #he Standing $ock Sioux tribe protests are not only a movement against the Dakota Access Pipeline, but also a battle to maintain an identity in present day American society where the historical traumas and legacies of coloni%ation thrive. #hrough research of academic sources, online news databases, interviews and books, the paper investigates forces of globali%ation that fueled the Dakota Access Pipeline and Standing $ock movement" establishing that this systematic exploitation of the Standing $ock tribal land and people is driven by a factor that could only be described as neo&colonial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This paper examines the association between pregnancy and women's health and well-being by racial/ethnic group among women of childbearing age in the US. In line with the weathering hypothesis and the theory of cumulative advantage/disadvantage, I suggest that health during pregnancy may be worse for non-Hispanic black women compared to those of other races/ethnicities. Methods. This analysis uses data from the 2005-2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and ordinal logistic regression to examine life satisfaction and self-rated health of women, by racial/ethnic group, during pregnancy. Results. Findings reveal that non-Hispanic black women report significantly higher rates of dissatisfaction with their lives and lower levels of health and well-being compared to other racial groups during pregnancy. These results provide further support for the theoretical frameworks. Conclusion. There is need to address the perceived racism and discrimination during pregnancy in understanding racial disparities in self-rated health and well-being among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on how terrorist attacks increase shape in-group and out-group attitudes has consistently focused on native populations. But what about immigrants and their descendants? Are their sociopolitical attitudes and identities also affected by terrorist attacks? And if so, do terrorist attacks (re)activate ethnic ancestry identities that reinforce ethnic boundaries with the majority population, or do attacks draw immigrants closer to the host society, thus facilitating their sociopolitical integration? This paper studies the heterogeneous effects of the Charlie Hebdo attack for native and immigrant populations on social and political trust in Europe. Using the date of the interview to leverage a natural experiment framework, this study finds the attack increased social and political trust for natives -enhancing in-group solidarity- whereas the attack decreased social and political trust for 1st generation immigrants. We conclude the effects of terrorism on social and political trust are strongly interrelated with assimilation processes and ethnic boundary making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has multicultural education developed differently in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, politically and culturally similar countries? I address this question with a historical and comparative study of how these three nations responded differently to the same global institutional trends. I show how not only did the existing institutional and ideological architecture of each country filter how it adopted the logic of pluralism that spread multiculturalism throughout the Anglo-American world in the 1960s and 1970s but that the resulting institutional settlement in each country was in turn unsettled by the neoliberal market logic that reshaped national education systems in the 1980s and 1990s, in turn altering domestic multicultural policies. Overall, this paper shows that not only do nation-level differences shape institutional change but do so through the accumulation of solutions to particular framings of domestic problems in the context of the global institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic anthropologists (Chavez 2013, Plascencia 2009, Rosa 2012, Santa Ana 2002), socio-linguists (Lakoff 2006, Van Dijk 1993), and historians of genocide and torture (Luft 2017) have long noted how politicians and the media have successfully reduced empathy that majorities exhibit toward various subaltern populations by using dehumanizing language, a phenomenon experimentally demonstrated in neuroscience and social psychology (Chang et al. 2016, Harris and Fiske 2011). In 2013, major U.S. newspapers revised their Style Guides so that journalists could no longer refer to immigrants as "legal" and "illegal" and instead had to describe them as being "documented" and "undocumented," a change that emerged out of a larger Latino-led campaign to transform negative discourse about immigrants. In this paper, I examine this shift as a case of a counter-dehumanization discursive movement within mainstream media discourse. I analyze how this change came about, analyze its impact on how frequently these terms appear in distinct and widely read U.S. newspapers, and explore the semantic implications of this change for how Americans and immigrants think about both Latinos and other unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. I provide a historical background on how this lexical shift occurred, quantify the impact of this editorial change on the frequency with which these terms have been used before and after the Style Guide revisions, and then draw on theories from the literature on racial discourse and comparative race and ethnicity to raise questions for further research on this lexical shift affects the ethnic and racial identity of different immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper focusses on an important political problem - the tension between a necessary degree of political tolerance and too much tolerance towards groups who would like to abandon basic democratic and human rights. Using public opinion data collected in more than three dozen countries in 2004 and 2014, we consider political tolerance in the form of accepting public assemblies of religious extremists; people, who want to overthrow the government; and groups who are prejudiced against any racial or ethnic group. Our analysis shows that the US public is the most accepting among the societies compared. Even more, US respondents have become more accepting from 2004 to 2014. At the same time, however, our analysis shows that the US public is divided in their views and has become more polarized from 2004 to 2014. We thus conclude that the categorization of the US as the most tolerant society holds true only for a part of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ethnic and racial identity-work of the children of African immigrants in New York City. Drawing on ethnographic observations and interviews with 71 West African high school students in New York City, I find that their African ethnic identities are significantly more central to their understandings of themselves than their racial and American affiliations. In addition to family, school and neighborhood characteristics, transnational landscapes and the sociopolitical context (e.g. President Trump, de-stigmatization of African ethnicity in mainstream popular culture) crucially shaped identity. West African youth's ethnic and racial identity-work underscores the situational nature of Black immigrants' ethnic options and highlights the necessity of locating understandings of immigrant integration in broader transnational exchanges. These findings have important implications for understandings of America's changing racial order, Blackness and African-Americanness, immigrant integration and sense of belonging in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is framed by a review of the dominant literature dealing with social movement communities, bystanders, and media events. These concepts are used to understand the development of Aboriginal action and organization in Canada between 1951 and 2000. The paper argues that Canadian Aboriginal communities have been unable to build a national level PanAboriginal consensus, one that spans across regional, local, and legal barriers, because: 1) mobilization moved from informal community meeting places in the mid-1960’s to formal national organizations in the 1970’s; 2) the introduction of a ‘rights’ based discourse in the 1970’s alienated bystanders; and 3) the incorporation of three Aboriginal status groups in the Canadian Constitution created cleavages between Aboriginal peoples. The paper concludes by illustrating how three critical events bucked these trends: the 1969 White Paper, the patriation of the Canadian Constitution, and the 1990 ‘Indian Summer.’ These events produced national PanAboriginal (between community) social identities, organizational growth and wide spread Aboriginal mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores ethno-racial boundary formation in Japan between the 1860s and the 1960s. Contrary to the common perception as ethno-racially homogenous country, Japan has had a long history of contentious relationship between racialized minority groups and the dominant group in a society. Based on an extensive review of historical archives (i.e. news publications, central and local governmental documents, intellectuals' publication and diaries, minority organizations' documents), this paper examines experiences of two largest minority groups, Koreans and Burakumin who faced the similar state's oppressive policies, and investigates why Burakumin, despite both of whom were once considered as distinctive ethno-racial minority separate from non-Japanese origin, eventually became classified as Japanese while Koreans were classified as non-Japanese after the war. Findings suggest that the formation of ethno-racial boundaries and institutional boundaries of race, nation and ethnicity are not a mere reflection of state or majority's perception, but rather contingent upon the reaction of minority groups, as well as the larger geopolitical context in which the dispute between the state and non-state actors took place. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the labour market experiences of ethnic minorities in Beijing. It begins by discussing the major policies that have been setup to improve ethnic minority equity in the labour market. However, in spite of these tools, the paper suggests that ethnic minorities are at a disadvantage, relative to the dominant Han ethnic group, when it comes to their employment in high wage, skilled positions. To understand the complexities behind this discrepancy, drawing from recent interviews with individual minority actors and employers, the paper systematically examines ethnic minorities' experiences in the job search, hiring and promotion process. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe 300-plus years during which the Dënesuliné (Chipewyan) have been involved in the global luxury trade in non-human animal pelts have meant a myriad of changes in their lives. This paper looks at one of these---changes in Dënesuliné families, in particular, but also those of other northern Dene peoples. More specifically, it focuses on how the fur trade increased the temporal and spatial separation of adult men from adult women and other family members and on some of the effects of this family fracture on the emotional, interpersonal, and work lives of family members. In the view of many northern Dene and other Native peoples around the world, counteracting the lingering impacts of colonial incursions like the fur trade on Indigenous families is critical to the healthy futures of their societies. The paper is based largely on as many relevant Indigenous sources and voices as I could access; reports of the Canadian government and private consultants, and works of White academics---anthropologists and historians especially. It is part of an empirical chapter of a book manuscript on the global production and consumption of luxury products, a story in which Indigenous peoples play a central role. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Chinese 2000 census data from Xinjiang autonomous region, this paper serves as one of the first steps to examine complex issues of migration, ethnicity, and Han-minority relations. Specifically, we provide overview of socio-economic disparities among Xinjiang's ethnic groups, ethnic relations, and historical patterns of migration into Xinjiang region. The final part of the paper looks at the issues of occupational attainment by ethnicity and migration status in the capital city of Urumqi. Our paper provides perhaps the most up to date and systematic data on migration patterns in Xinjiang, identifies unique patterns of recent migration to Xinjiang, and highlight the major determinants of occupational attainment. The paper has important implications about how migration changes the dynamic ethnic relations in China's minority-concentrated regions. This is also critically important in light of the well-being of over 100 million minority population in China's drive toward a market-oriented economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the cultural history of several 1960s music styles, all referred to as "boogaloo." In unpacking that history, boogaloo emerges as one of the most compelling sites of cross-racial/cross-cultural exchange amongst African and Latin Americans in the 1960s, especially in New York City, but also expanding throughout the larger Afro-Antilles world. The history of boogaloo engages with traditions of cultural dialogue between Black and Brown musicians as well as predicts future collaborations in the worlds of salsa, hip-hop and reggaeton. This paper uses boogaloo as a means to explore how communities of color find ways of dialoguing with one another through expressive forms, especially in times of significant social change and turmoil. Boogaloo first appears in popular form within the R&B world in 1965 but by 1966, has jumped over to both the New York Latin music scene, as well as into African American jazz circles. My paper specifically explores boogaloo's popularity as a Latin music fad that gains footing from East Harlem down to Peru and examines its conspicuous choice to blend African American R&B rhythms with Latin music traditions. I argue that boogaloo's distinctive evolution out of a jointly Black/Brown context is reflective of the ethnic identities of the Puerto Rican American musicians who were key to the style's development, especially within the context of 1960s New York. A special focus will be on Joe Bataan, one of the major boogaloo figures, who - as half-Filipino/half-African American - emerges as a compelling icon who (literally) embodies some of the cross-cultural idealism of the times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a framework for undertaking comparative analyses of racial systems. In it, I show that there are three identifiable components to racial structures that organize how "race" operates in a given nation or region for a particular time period. To be specific, in any given racial structure, you'll find racial categories; these are used to segregate individuals from one another as they are assigned to various groups. Racial hierarchies rank the aforementioned categories according to the privileges and demerits of the racialized distribution of a society's resources. Finally, racial politicultures provide the de jure and de facto rules that govern the monitoring of boundaries between racial categories, delimit the sanctions for crossing boundaries, manipulate hierarchies and categories to dole out or withhold racial privileges, and provide the means for transmitting racial commonsense among the people living within that particular racial system. This paper (which lays out a framework that will be used as the underpinning for a book-length examination of the dynamics of race and ethnicity in the United States) summarizes relevant race scholarship by organizing it into the comparative racial structure analysis I have developed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes adoptive ethnic identity and the factors that account for its formation. Adoptive ethnic identity is as an identity rooted in the deployment of the ethnically-linked symbols and practices associated with another ethnic group to such a degree that an individual regards herself and is regarded by others as an associate of that ethnic group. The rise in the ideology of multiculturalism and its accompanying value of diversity, demographic shifts, intermarriage, mass higher education, and international travel help account for the development of adoptive ethnic identities. Adoptive ethnic identity manifests in the deployment of ethnically-linked symbols and practices, including language, artistic expressions, and as part of a course of study. The paper distinguishes adoptive ethnic identity from other concepts of ethnicity, namely assimilation, symbolic ethnicity, and "going native." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering attracts a large proportion of Asian workers, who often perceive it to be objectively evaluated and rewarded. However, studies have found that Asians face structural barriers, or the "glass ceiling," in engineering occupations. Meanwhile, Asians are a dynamic group, with people born and educated in the U.S. or in other countries. Past studies have examined earning disparities between Asian and white workers and between native and foreign-born workers, but few studies have focused on college-educated engineers who are native- or Asian-born and U.S.- or Asian-educated. This paper examines the salaries of three groups of engineers of Asian origins (i.e., U.S.-born, U.S.-educated Asian Americans; Asian-born, U.S.-educated Asian immigrants; and Asian-born, Asian-educated Asian immigrants) and compares them with U.S.-born, U.S.-educated white engineers to investigate the effects of race, nativity, the origin of the highest degree, and gender on engineers' salaries. It finds that race, nativity, and the origin of the highest degree do not significantly influence engineers' salaries. However, gender has a significant influence on engineers' salaries, revealing structural barriers for women engineers. In addition, this paper finds the effects of human capital and assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between ethnic regional status and regional mortality rates in Russia before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Our analysis used the fixed effects model for the panel data, adjusting for employment, income, housing, and crime, from nine years: 1985 and 1990-1997. Within the ethnically defined federative system that was inherited from the Soviet Union, membership in ethnic regions appeared to have a strong negative association with regional mortality fluctuations during a period of dramatic societal change. The present paper seeks to open for further analysis of the importance of social and cultural characteristics of populations within the ethnically defined federative system on reducing mortality rates in Russia. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Asian Americans who are categorized in a "residual" category of not quite black and not quite white construct their racial identities by distancing themselves from other racial minorities and use generational status and class as markers of status. Building on the notion of a black/non-black divide or a "tri-color stratification," this paper argues that the social position of the children of Asian immigrants is a tenuous position, which begets a constant negotiation of race, class, and generation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a theoretical model of ethnic group assimilation using an assimilation theory which specifies the explicit and implicit assumptions of the theory. Using that systematic model of ethnic group assimilation, we can modify the assumptions to explain a variety of different ethnic group experiences and by modifying other assumptions we can explain the assimilation experiences of racial groups. This is an attempt to unify the theory of ethnic groups, racial groups, and perhaps other group experiences. The paper is a theoretical essay. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surprisingly perhaps, given the immense attention paid to civil rights and women's changing roles, the life course field has paid relatively little attention to variations in life patterns by race, ethnicity, and gender - other than differences in status or rank. This paper asks what else might be discovered if functional and qualitative categories were used to assess outcomes rather than those that can be ranked. Following a review of what has turned up so far, this paper argues for conceptualizing outcomes and antecedents along functional as well as hierarchical lines. Case studies and other individualized methods are best suited to such questions, but care must be taken to compare demographic groups that are relatively similar in status and rank. In research on black and white educated women and their orientation to home or career, life pattern differences do emerge between black and white women and homemakers and career women. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Officially defined as an ethnic category based on a Latin American cultural heritage, "Hispanics" can be of any race. Based on lesser known "Hispanics" of Asian backgrounds, this paper examines how Asian Hispanics identify themselves racially and ethnically in the U.S. Some identify themselves as "Hispanic" and "Asian," while others relate only to "Hispanic" or "Asian" identities. Previous research on the identities of multicultural people has stressed the importance of individual characteristics, such as phenotypical features (i.e., physical features) and cultural factors (e.g., Spanish language proficiency and familiarity with migrants' home cultures). This paper, by contrast, argues for the importance of socioeconomic achievement (or achieved status) in explaining Asian Hispanics' identification patterns. Those with higher levels and education are more likely to identify as "Asian," partly because they are better able to identify with a higher status group, and also because they tend to interact more with "Asians." Identification patterns, then, have important consequences for one's socio-economic achievement. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how different generations of Asian American students differ in school performance. Three competing theories are tested. Classic assimilation theory portrays an ascendance in school performance over generations; receptive environment theory foresees a descent in school performance across generations; and immigrant aspiration theory predicts a nonlinear cross-generational pattern, namely, a rise in education achievement of the second generation but a decline in the achievement of the third or higher generation. Data from the 1988 and 1992 National Educational Longitudinal Study are utilized to test these theories. The most important finding of this study may be summarized as "second-generation advantage" and "third-generation decline." The bivariate tabular analysis uncovers a very clear nonlinear pattern across generations in all measurements of school performance including GPA and mathematics, science, reading, and social studies standardized test scores. The multiple regression analysis reveals a straight-line decline pattern across generations in GPA and a clearly nonlinear pattern across generations in all standardized test scores. These results lend substantial support to immigrant aspiration theory. The implications of the findings are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnicity is being transformed among white European Americans in a variety of ways. In order to better understand this transformation and the contemporary nature of ethnic identity or ethnic consciousness, this paper will answer the following three questions: (1) How strong is the ethnic identity among members of Irish organizations in Savannah, Georgia?; (2) What is the cultural content of the ethnic identity of these particular Irish Americans?; and (3) What is the relationship of ethnic social structures to the development of their ethnic identity? Data for this project were gathered through personal interviews, participant observation, and a self-administered mail survey. Participation in Irish events other than the St. Patrick's Day Parade, number of friends who share a similar ethnic background, importance of ethnic organizations for forming/maintaining ethnic identity, and particularly the importance of family in the formation of ethnic identity are all significantly related to the strength of ethnic identity. These variables were not as clearly delineated in the qualitative data gathered through personal interviews and participant observation as they were in the quantitative survey data. The personal interviews not only personalized the statistical profile compiled from the survey data, but also illustrated how complexly intertwined family, religion, school, neighborhood, ethnic organization, friends, customs and traditions, and the St. Patrick's Day parade have been in shaping Irish identity in Savannah. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identity development of multiracial children is unique in the fact that they have a wider range of racial identity options than children of a single racial background. Not only do they have more racial options to choose from, but they must do so while negotiating racial group borders, a rigid racial classification system, and stereotypes. Given the increasing salience of multiracial people and racial identification, this paper hypothesizes Asian American/white multiracial children are more likely to adopt a multiracial identity rather than a mono-racial identity. As a component of this, their experiences of race, particularly notions of whiteness, will also be examined in order to gain a more coherent understanding of how they are able to negotiate their racial identity within the racial context of the United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine gender and ethnic differences in the association of depression and role resources. We develop a framework for analyzing how low and high economic and role-related resources might contribute differentially to race/ethnic and gender differences in depression. We suggest four hypothetical outcomes that capture the intersection of inequalities: Double Jeopardy, Enhanced Advantage, Social Normativity, and Attenuated Advantage. Using the NSFH, we examine the influence of economic resources (measured as income and education) and role resources (being employed and married) on race and gender differences in depression in order to evaluate the extent to which: (1) gender differences in depression can be generalized to both non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans, and (2) economic and role resources have differential associations with depression as a function of ethnicity/race and gender. We find that Mexican Americans and particularly Mexican American women experience enhanced advantage from the marital role. Compared to white men, white women experience enhanced advantage as a result of economic resources. Compared with non-Hispanics, Mexican-Americans experience attenuated advantage from educational resources. Among the resource poor, we find evidence of double and triple jeopardy for Mexican-Americans compared with whites and Mexican-American women compared with white women. From these results we draw conclusions about the potential causal pathways that shape race/ethnic and gender differences in depression and suggest that these findings are indicative of the importance of going beyond race and gender differences in depression to a consideration of the social context in which differences arise. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]