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Traditionally, victimization has assumed a simple victim/non-victim dichotomy, as researchers have been primarily interested in modelling what has been termed the 'hurdle of victimization'. However, more recent research has shown that the strongest, and most consistent, risk predictor of a future victimization event is the occurrence of a prior victimization experience. The primary focus of the present analysis is the incidence of single and repeat property crime victimization of households in Canada, examined within the context of routine activity theory. The possibility that criminal victimization is disproportionately distributed with respect to particular locations, individuals, and/or households suggests considerable advantage for public policy if the concentration of preventative resources could be allocated to where they are most needed. Consistent with previous research, the present analysis indicates that many correlates are observed to be consistent determinants for both single and repeat victimization, confirming that the distribution of risk is indeed, disproportionate. The present research has determined that the likelihood of future victimization is greater for certain households in Canada and, armed with this knowledge, the next step can be an investigation into more effective crime prevention policies aimed towards specifically targeting households identified to be at highest risk of property crime. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact on children of paternal incarceration has been relatively neglected and information obtained directly from children about their feelings and experiences is scant. In this Canadian study, face to face interviews were conducted with the children of incarcerated fathers as well as their legal guardians and practitioners who work with such children and their families. Although extant research indicates that shame and stigma is a problem experienced by family members of incarcerated offenders, our study shows that fear of shame and stigma is a much more dramatic impediment than was expected - much more so than the actual stigma they experience. In addition, attempts to protect the children from shame and stigma do not shelter them from the negative consequences of parental incarceration on their behaviour. In fact, trying to keep the parental offender's incarceration secret proves to be detrimental in that both the children and the legal guardians tend to become highly isolated. This isolation was indicated not only by the legal guardians but directly by the children, a majority of whom demonstrated a reluctance to communicate to others about their parents' incarcerated status, leaving them with few expressive outlets and other forms of social support. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]