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Numerical simulation has become a pivotal method in geotechnical engineering for analyzing rock failure. However, traditional model lacks comprehensive elastoplastic rock characterization. Therefore, a new finite-discrete element model using the Drucker-Prager criterion and cohesive elements based on a traction-separation law to accurately simulate elastoplastic rock breaking has been built. A scratch test simulation is conducted to describe the mechanical response and failure characteristics of the rock during the cutting process. Rock failure characteristics derived from numerical simulations align closely with experimental observations. These simulations successfully replicate both the ductile and brittle regimes observed during scratch tests. Furthermore, they provide insights into the primary driving factors behind rock failure under different regimes. Variation of cutting force and specific energy obtained from the model are entirely consistent with experimental results, with the specific energy decreasing following a −0.5 power law, thus explaining the energy dissipation rule of the specific energy decrease. In brittle regime, crush zones and the resulting rough shearing surface are observed, plastic damage is also found, revealing that the cutter tip is the key structure influencing them. The model established in this paper holds significant importance for rock mechanical property evaluation and the optimization design of cutter structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]