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• UAV Downwash flow impacts the spray structure and droplet deposition uniformity. • Drone flight altitude defines the downwash flow impact on canopy and drift potential. • Drone flight speed increases the propagation of droplet deposition. • Nozzle position under the propeller should be selected by care. • Spray issued by air induction nozzle has much higher resistance against the downwash flow impact of the propeller compare to XR type. Delivering pesticides in the agricultural field has been a venturing advancement in the past decades with the aim of target spraying. Agricultural drones have been introduced as useful assets for target spraying, however, the turbulent downwash flow generated by the drone blades accelerates the atomization process that attributes to the drift potential. In this experimental study, the effect of downwash flow on an air induction nozzle is compared to that of a conventional flat fan XR nozzle under various drone operating conditions to evaluate the best working condition. The test was carried out in an indoor facility in which the effect of environmental parameters can be minimized. The 2D patternation of the droplet deposition known as coverage ratio was evaluated using water-sensitive papers with the change of operating conditions, including nozzle type, drone speed, flying height, and blade rotational speed. As the drone flight speed, height, rotational speed, and nozzle position changed, alterations in droplet size and coverage uniformity were observed along with propagation in the drift effect. In addition, the coverage ratio of the AI nozzle was higher than that of the XR nozzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, agricultural drones have been widely used for precise agricultural control. In the case of drone control, improved coverage and reduced drift potential of chemical sprays are of major concern, and this is greatly influenced by the downwash flow characteristics formed by the rotor blades. In this study, the mean and turbulent flow characteristics of the downwash flow generated by a single blade of a four-sided agricultural control drone were quantitatively evaluated. The blade radius used to generate the downwash flow was 370 mm, and the measurement position was normalized using this length. In addition, the rotational speed of the blade was 3000 rpm, and the velocity components were dimensionlessly expressed using the blade tip velocity (V Btip) corresponding to this rotational speed. The velocity of downwash flow was measured using CTA-type hot-wire anemometry with an X-type probe, and data were collected at a sampling rate of 30 kHz for turbulence characteristics analysis. The mean velocity, vorticity distribution, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stress of the fluctuation velocity were quantitatively measured. From extensive experimental works, it was revealed that a high axial velocity is formed at a specific position (r/L b = 0.4–0.8) along the blade length. The radial velocity shows an asymmetric distribution in the plane close to the blade, and the tangential velocity is higher in the central part of the downwash flow than in the region of a high axial and negative radial velocity. An asymmetric spiral rotational flow with low axial velocity and low-pressure distribution exists inside the downwash flow due to the shear flow, and the influence of the driving motor almost disappears at the axial position (Z/L b ∼ 1). The averaged mean value of the axial, radial, and tangential velocity components measured at six axial planes and normalized by blade tip velocity (V Btip) is composed of the ratio of the axial velocity component of 12.8%, the radial velocity component of 0.19%, and the tangential velocity component of 1.3%. The maximum values of the turbulence intensity of the axial, radial, and tangential velocity components were estimated as 6.8%, 3.0%, and 4.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]