1. Chemokines and chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection
- Author
-
Azzam A. Maghazachi, Bariaa A. Khalil, and Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Subjects
ARDS ,Chemokine ,TLR, toll like receptor ,Disease ,Review ,Biochemistry ,CRS, cytokine releasing syndrome ,GAGs, glycosaminoglycans ,Pathogenesis ,Chemokine receptor ,0302 clinical medicine ,NK cells, natural killer cells ,Structural Biology ,Immunopathology ,IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 ,ARDS, acute respiratory disease syndrome ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ,AECs, airway epithelial cells ,Computer Science Applications ,ECM, extracellular matrix ,HIV, human immunodeficiency virus ,CAP, community acquired pneumonia ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Chemokine Receptors ,DCs, dendritic cells ,Chemokines ,TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β ,Biotechnology ,NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps ,SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,Biophysics ,RSV, rous sarcoma virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,BALF, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid ,Immune system ,Immunity ,medicine ,Genetics ,IMM, inflammatory monocytes and macrophages ,IFN, interferon ,030304 developmental biology ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells ,AP-1, Activator Protein 1 ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,medicine.disease ,HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus ,PRR, pattern recognition receptors ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,business ,TP248.13-248.65 ,IRF, interferon regulatory factor - Abstract
Graphical abstract, Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation. In the recent COVID-19 outbreak, chemokines may be the direct cause of acute respiratory disease syndrome, a major complication leading to death in about 40% of severe cases. Several clinical investigations revealed that chemokines are directly involved in the different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis to better understand the disease immunopathology which may aid in developing possible therapeutic targets for the infection.
- Published
- 2021