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Abstract: The population of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) evolves on orbits which can cross the orbit of the Earth. Most NEOs come from the asteroid belt via unstable zones associated with powerful or diffusive resonances. Their evolutionary paths and the statistical properties of their dynamics have been determined by massive numerical integrations. A steady-state model of their orbital and magnitude distributions has been elaborated which indicates that 1000 NEOs are kilometre-size with an impact frequency with the Earth around 0.5 Myr. A non-gravitational mechanism, the Yarkovsky thermal drag, plays the dominant role in delivering material in the NEO source regions, explaining how this population is maintained in a steady-state and why its size distribution is shallower than expected if NEOs were created through the direct injection of fresh fragments from collisional break ups into resonances. To cite this article: P. Michel et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]