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Soil is an important reservoir of innumerable natural and biological resources fundamental to the sustainability of life and the earth's functionality. The soil is complex due to changing biodiversity, physicochemical characteristics, disturbances, and pedogenesis, which are constituent indices required for the measurement of its healthiness. Hence, there is a need to concertedly protect the soil by consciously promoting practices and behaviors that optimize its priority functions in delivering ecosystem services. It is further significant for crop yield, hence the need to pay more attention to its health. Soil healthiness is also a reflection of its capacity to support biogeochemical processes, abiotic communities, and plant and animal productions. However, agronomic studies, until recently, focused more on the use of chemical indicators in determining soil health, despite the versatile ecophysiological role of microorganisms in soil formation, resource cycling, and management. These biological phenomena expressed by soil microbial communities form the basis for the conversion of diverse organic matters into bioutilizable resources for plants' healthy development. This review, therefore, explored the underlining mechanisms, particularly climate change-related, that caused divergent soil properties and how this impacted the microbial composition of healthy soil. Likewise, several pieces of agronomic literature on the physical characteristics, ecological services, and functions of a healthy soil were compared toward innovative best management practices for improving soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of agrobased paper mill effluent (PME) as ferti-irrigant was assessed. Ferti-irrigation responses to 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of PME doses onPhaseolus vulgarisL., cv. Annapurna, in the rainy and summer seasons were investigated. The fertigant concentrations produced changes in electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate (PO43–), sulfate (SO42–), iron (Fe2+), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) of the soil in both seasons. The agronomic performances ofP. vulgarisincreased from 5 to 25% in both seasons compared to controls. The accumulation of metals increased in soil andP. vulgarisfrom 5 to 100% PME concentrations in both seasons. The contamination factor (Cf) of various metals was in order of Cr > Mn > Cu > Cd > Zn for soil and Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr forP. vulgarisin both seasons after fertigation with PME. Therefore, PME can be used to improve the soil fertility and yield ofP. vulgarisafter appropriate dilution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Crop yield prediction (CYP) is a critical challenge for decision-makers of any kind of levels, including regional and national decision-making. Farmers might use effective CYP model to help them determine what to cultivate or when to grow it. The primary aim of precision agriculture (PA) is to increase crop growth and yield thereby decreasing production costs and emissions. Various developmental factors influence potential yield, including soil properties, irrigation, weather, fertilizer maintenance, and topography. CYP is critical to worldwide agricultural production. To improve the global food security, policymakers depend on reliable forecasts to make timely exports and imports decision. The main aim of this paper is to predict the crop yield using machine-learning technique. The collected data are pre-processed using Kalman filter algorithm and then certain features are extracted using the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The CYP is done using the improved extreme learning machine (IELM). The output weight of the extreme learning machine is improved using the chimp optimization algorithm (COA). The implementation tool used in this method is PYTHON and the dataset used for the CYP is farm yield prediction. The experimental results showed an accuracy of 99.99% which is better when compared to existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QUEFTS (QUantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils) model is a valuable tool for developing location-specific management of macronutrients such as N, P, and K to attain higher yields. A review analysis is conducted to understand the applicability of the QUEFTS model in developing site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) for different crops. A total of 33 published articles are available for the QUEFTS model for different crops across the world. The SSNM is available for rice, wheat, maize, potato, tropical tuber crops (cassava, sweet potato, elephant foot yam, taro, and yam), peanut, watermelon, soybean, radish, tea, sweet potato, elephant foot yam, yam, and taro in different countries using the QUEFTS model, and it is discussed in this review. The maximum values of accumulation and dilution of N, P, and K; the balanced nutrient requirements to produce 1000 kg of crop yield; and their internal efficiencies are discussed in this review paper. The review shows that the QUEFTS model parameters derived for rice, wheat, and maize can be directly adapted to different environmental conditions. The data available for potato demand further refinement of the model for its general application irrespective of the agro-climatic conditions. The two sets of data available for cassava are similar and can use the same model parameters for further studies for nutrient management. Single set of data for other crops shows the necessity for more studies to increase their production. The modeled values for different crops presented in this review can further assist the decision-makers in scheduling fertilizer applications for the respective crops, reducing fertilizer and economic losses, and maintaining soil quality. Thus, QUEFTS can be widely used as a simple model to recommend nutrient management practices. However, the QUEFTS model considers only the mean meteorological parameters irrespective of their daily variations. It also considers the soil as a homogeneous medium, which influences the crop yield estimation, which needs to be addressed among agricultural researchers. Therefore, further modifications are also needed for QUEFTS to incorporate different agro-climatic and management conditions and different interactive processes, including other micronutrients, irrigation practices, and sub-soil properties as this model assumes that nutrients are the only limiting factors in crop yield. This review also demands the necessity to focus on the nutrient management of other food crops to ensure food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is affecting a large area of Pakistan. The country is situated in a semiarid and arid region where the climate is subtropical continental and the process of salinization and sodification is in progress. Excessive salt rates are adversely influencing the biological, chemical, and physical properties of soils. These physical and chemical changes influence the activity of soil microbes and plant roots, and eventually affect the crop growth and yield. Therefore, it is essential from the food security viewpoint to bring these salt-affected lands into agriculture production for the promptly growing population. The paper provides a brief overview of the different aspects of salt-affected soils regarding their extent, origin, existence, nature, types, causes, characteristics, visual diagnosis, effects on soils and plants, salttolerant plant species, management, strategies adopted in Pakistan to overcome salinity, saline, and bio-saline agriculture. Different issues of salinity can be managed by adopting strategies that are helpful in reclamation of such soils. The overview focuses on chemical and biological amendments as they are the most effective implements in improving various soil properties (soil permeability and structural stability) of saline/sodic soils for sustainable food production, thus, authenticating the potential of inorganic and organic amendments to reinstate soil quality. Salinity effects can be reduced to a higher level by the addition of fertilizers and these amendments may also improve nutrient use efficiency. Other sustainable agronomic practices (crop diversifications, leaching by irrigation water, scraping, etc are also pointed out that may inhibit and, in some cases, reverse the conditions of soil salinization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of yield reduction in crop caused by the salinity stress is mostly based on variations of soil electrical conductivity and the severity of water stress. Crop response curves to salinity were developed without considering ion toxicity and nutritional imbalance in the plant. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of using the ratio of the concentration of potassium by sodium in rice leaf (leaf-K/Na) to predict yield under the salinity stress. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield under fresh and saline condition and the leaf-K/Na related database was created. Data were collected from consecutive three seasons of a field experiment in the Africa Rice Center experimental farm in Senegal (16° 11ʹ N, 16° 15ʹW). We studied the relationship between the relative yield (Yr), a ratio of yield under the salinity stress to the potential yield and the leaf-K/Na (x). Furthermore, we did regression analyses and F-test to determine the best fitting function. Results indicate that the exponential function [i.e. Yr = 100 exp (-b x)] was the best fitting model with the lowest root mean square error (9.683) and the highest R2 value (0.90). Example applications on independent data from published papers showed relatively good predictions, suggesting that the model can be used to predict rice yield in saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus is one of the key nutrients needed for root initiation, root elongation, root dispersion, roots nodulation and N2 fixation in soybean. Lack of phosphorus limiting soybean growth, productivity and seed setting. Low P availability to plants is a global problem limiting crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Several agronomic practices have been proposed to enhance P availability and use by crops for higher yield under diverse climatic conditions. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer with beneficial microbes increases availability of phosphorus in soil and increases its uptake. It is assumed that integration of organic, inorganic and beneficial microbes replenish nutrients in soil, prevent soil declining and degradation, maintain soil functions and increase nutrients availability. These findings confirmed the significant effect of organic sources (biochar, compost and residues) on the reactivity of phosphate. It has been perceived that the release of different organic acids by microflora enhances availability of the indigenous rock phosphate. Extensive usage of organic matter for crop production with chemical and biological fertilizer improves grain yield, plant and soil chemical quality, with the benefit of optimizing economic return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using composted pulp fiber residues (CPFR) in a potato rotation in eastern Canada was tested. Three rates of CPFR (0, 45, and 90 Mg C ha-1) with or without supplementary irrigation were applied. Pea (Pisum sativum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were cultivated in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), bulk density, and water-holding capacity were improved by CPFR. Pea and corn yields and total dry matter were increased using CPFR. Supplemental irrigation increased pea yield compared with the rain-fed system. Total tuber yield was increased by CPFR in the irrigated but not in the rain-fed system. The CPFR application increased plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in all rotation crops. Nitrogen accumulation in all rotation crops except potato was increased by CPFR. The CPFR application successfully enhanced soil fertility and crop productivity without any adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction among plant nutrients can yield antagonistic or synergistic outcomes that influence nutrient use efficiency. To provide insight on this phenomenon, peer-reviewed articles were selected that quantified the interaction effects of nutrients on crop yield levels. In total 94 articles were selected that described 117 interactions between all macro- and micronutrients for different agricultural crops. In 43 cases the interaction was synergistic, in 17 cases the interaction was antagonistic, and in 35 cases the interaction was zero-interaction; the other 23 cases were non-significant (16) or showed a negative response (7). Generally: (a) when the availability of two nutrients is characterized as deficient, a large increase in yield can be expected by diminishing these deficiencies: (b) for most macronutrients the mutual interactions on yield levels are synergistic; and (c) antagonistic effects on yield are often found for divalent cations. Knowledge of nutrient interactions can guide fertilizer design and optimization of fertilization strategies for high yields and high nutrient use efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amelioration of acid unproductive soils with various amendments may improve soil properties and increase crop yield. In this paper, the influence of several soil amendments (refuse sugar beet lime, calcium hydroxide, and municipal sewage sludge) on wheat yield and gross margin were studied in a three-year (1995, 1996, 1997) field experiment, conducted in western Thessaly (Elassona area), central Greece. In order to evaluate soil amelioration from an economic point of view we estimated the profit that derives from soil amelioration for each year separately as well as for the whole period of the experiment. The results showed that sugar beet lime and sewage sludge at the rate 15 ton ha-1 are preferable from an economic point of view compared to calcium hydroxide. This fact is supportive of all the efforts made to diffuse the use of quality by-products for soil amelioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff from soil with high levels of phosphorus (P) may induce eutrophic conditions in downstream water bodies. Land-application of poultry litter rich in P has resulted in build-up of excessive P in many soils. The studies reported in this paper examined the potential of hay harvest to reduce the level of P in a Louisiana Coastal Plain soil. Five warm-season and five cool-season forages were evaluated in a greenhouse study for P uptake ( = biomass yield x tissue concentration) from a Ruston soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) with elevated P concentration. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] yield and P uptake as affected by fertilization rate with poultry litter and level of soil P were also examined in a field study on Ruston soil. Under optimum growth conditions in the greenhouse, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] removed more P than other summer forages, and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) removed more P than other winter forages. Uptake by alfalfa, crabgrass, and ryegrass was 80 mg P kg[SUP-1],[SUBsoil] in five harvests (average) over six months of growth. During the five-year course of the field study, maximum P uptake by bermudagrass was only about half that obtained in the greenhouse (6 mg P kg[SUP-1],[SUBsoil] per harvest compared with 12.5 mg P kg[SUP-1],[SUBsoil] per harvest. Phosphorus uptake in the field depended on poultry litter application rate, but not level of soil P (Bray 2, Mehlich 3, total inorganic or total P). Assuming four harvests per season and P uptake by annual ryegrass half that obtained in the greenhouse, combined summer bermudagrass and winter annual ryegrass hay harvest may lower soil total P by about 50 mg kg[SUP-1],[SUBsoil]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upland rice also known as aerobic rice is mainly grown in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Brazil is the largest producer of upland rice in the world. At world level, average yield of this crop is less than 2000 kg ha [SUP-1]. The important yield limiting factors are water stress, mineral stress, diseases, insects and weeds. To improve and/or stabilize yield, these yield limiting factors should be alleviated. Research data related to yield limiting factors are scarce and much work is needed to improve upland rice yield under different agroecosystems, In this paper some basic principles to improve yield of this important crop with special reference to water and nutrient management, control of diseases, insects, weeds, and erosion, maintenance of organic matter and crop rotation are suggested. The basic principles to increase yield are similar for different ecosystems, although the technological packages based on these principles vary depending on local specific constraints and socio-economic considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal soils are characterized by unpredictable and often abysmal pattern of nutrient release and availability. In order to have an impeccable outlook of this unpredictability and in the dearth of appropriate literatures, the current study has been formulated in some eastern Indian coastal Entisols and Inceptisols. Greenhouse potassium (K)-exhaustion experiments in pots were conducted using four coastal soils to assess the depletion of available and non-exchangeable K through intensive cropping with two years of rotation (paddy–greengram–sunflower) under no-fertilizer (control) and varying fertilization (NP, K, and NPK). The initial water-soluble, available, non-exchangeable, and total K content of soils varied from 10.2–43.1, 68.8–257.5, 534–982, and 11,800–23,000 mg kg−1, respectively. Results showed that crop K uptake followed NPK>K> NP>control, which emphasizes the need for integrated NPK application. The depletion of soil-available and non-exchangeable K to crop uptake was 8.1–21.3%, 8.2–19.3%, 37.5–48.2%, and 33.8–43.1% and 78.7–91.9%, 80.7–91.8%, 51.8–62.5%, and 56.9–66.2% in control, NP, K, and NPK treatment, respectively. The mining of soil K to crop nutrition was higher in Inceptisol with lower amounts of available and non-exchangeable K reserves than in newer Entisols enriched with soil K reserves. The results further exemplify that overdependence on reserve K for crop uptake can be detrimental, and thus for sustaining intensive cultivation, particularly in high-rainfall areas, the unpredictable K release should rather be nullified by integrated NPK application. Therefore, precise K-management strategy for sustainable crop yield, regular monitoring, and soil test-based K fertilization must be ensured against the downward spiraling of K fertility of coastal soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) is an important forage. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of planting density and supplementary irrigation on quantitative and qualitative forage yield of two safflower cultivars as a split-factorial at the research farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Ilam University, Iran during 2015–2017. The main factor was irrigation at two levels (supplementary irrigation and dry-land) and sub–factors included density levels (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kgseed/ha) and cultivars (Goldasht and Faraman) in three replications. In both growing seasons, supplementary irrigation (SI) increased Ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Phosphorus (P) and fresh forage yield (FFY), while rain-fed (RF) increased crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE) and potassium (K). Faraman had better FFY, Ash, EE and K in terms of these traits, while Goldasht was better than Faraman. Improving FFY through increasing in plant density per unit area was considered appropriate, so that the densities of 50 and 60 (kg/ha−1) in SI treatment in both cultivars were concluded as more effective, while in RF treatment for having better nutritional value (in terms of protein and fat content) lower density was observed as more appropriate and in order to have less NDF higher density was more suitable. Due to the two-year data of nutritional values and yields, it was concluded that the crop had the ability to adapt to and tolerate drought condition and increase yield in semi-arid regions. Also, it is suitable in terms of nutritional value and forage production in dry-land areas of experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress adversely affects soil and plant characteristics. The addition of biochar alleviates the adverse impact of drought stress on plants. The plants' morphological, physiological performance and nutrient uptake are highly enhanced after biochar addition (BA) under drought-stress conditions. Biochar improves the water retention and the physical and biological properties of soils. Uptake of sodium (Na+) ions decreased in biochar-amended soil, which leads to makes other cations such as potassium (K+) uptake by plants. Biochar is characterized by high surface area (SA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), high water-holding capacity (WHC), size pore (PS). Those aforementioned properties are subjected to pyrolysis temperature and feedstock of biochar. Studies of biochar suggest that it might progress fertility of soil and maximize crop yields when iapplied to soil with a suitable application rates. This review highlights the capability of biochar in addressing drought stress on plants and its future prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop production in salty-sodic soils causes poor crop growth due to ion imbalance, water stress, low hormonal and enzymatic balances. The use of rhizobacteria promoting plant growth in saline and sanitary areas (PGPR) is an economical and environmentally friendly approach that increases and eliminates the tolerance of plants to salt. Field experiments were conducted to determine the response of barley, maize and sorghum crop yields to the application of the bacteria (Halobacillus sp), which was preliminarily experimented by a greenhouse study, on two big soil groups (Haplustept and Fluvaquent). The experiment was established with four different treatments; T0 (control-no application), T1 (the gypsum application), T2 (the PGPR application), and T3 (the gypsum + PGPR application) on the high saline and sodic soils in a semi-arid region. The observations of the present study indicate positive impacts of PGPR applications on crop yield and soil productivity. The gypsum + PGPR treatment was the most effective treatment obtaining higher yields owing to significant improvement in the plant photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, enzymes, hormones, amino and organic acids, and crop-soil productivity. The seed inoculation with the Halobacillus sp bacteria cultures help in alleviation of stress and enhance crop productivity under the short-term gypsum application on Haplustept and Fluvaquent saline-sodic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of the plant performance was observed in plant growth and yield with reduction in the plant's production of at least 20% of irrigated land worldwide due to the salinity, so it is the major abiotic stresses. For promoting growth and increasing crop yield natural extracts were used in agriculture and horticulture as bio-stimulants. At the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University, a pot experiment has been done under greenhouse condition for studying the spray of natural extracts; moringa leaves extract (MLE); algae extract (AE); licorice root extract (LRE) and propolis extract (PE) on yield, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient uptake of wheat grown on saline soil taken from Abou Hammad county, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Results showed that spraying with different organic extracts significantly increased yield, protein content, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient uptake as compared to untreated plants. Spraying with MLE gave an increase of all parameters i.e., yield, protein content, NPK, Fe, Zn, and Mn accumulation of wheat plants. The highest increases in grain yield were 81%, 110%, 78% and 50%, caused by MLE, AE, LRE and PE, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper irrigation timing can minimize the negative impacts that reduce crop yields. Therefore, in an initial pot experimental study, we assessed the SPAD (Soil–Plant Analysis Development)-chlorophyll meter as a tool to determine proper irrigation timing of wheat under different soil water deficit conditions in a controlled-environment greenhouse. The treatments were controlled irrigation at 100% (T1), 70% (T2), 50% (T3) and 30% (T4) of soil water content at field capacity; and the growth stages were development, mid-season and late-season. SPAD readings were measured pre-irrigation events. The results indicated that the T3 and T2 achieved maximum grain yield per accumulated crop evapotranspiration, i.e. water productivity (0.82 and 0.76 kg m−3), and were at par with T1. Moreover, the SPAD readings had a high Pearson's correlation coefficient with crop evapotranspiration (r = 0.95; P ≤ 0.001) and wheat grain yield (r = 0.90; P ≤ 0.001), indicating that SPAD reading could be used to reliably estimate when to irrigate wheat. Therefore, T3 and T2 SPAD readings were averaged to estimate a target limit at which irrigation should be applied. Accordingly, the target limit was defined as >44.76 for the development stage, >50.72 for the mid-season stage, and >37.64 for the late-season stage; readings below this target limit indicate that it is time to irrigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the developing world, fertilizer application is commonly achieved by broadcasting nutrients to the soil surface without incorporation. A commonly used nitrogen (N) source is urea and if not incorporated, can sustain N losses via ammonia volatilization and lower crop yields. This study evaluated the effect of planting, N rate and application methods on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. An experiment with a randomized complete block design (nine treatments and three replications) was established in 2013 and 2018 in Oklahoma. The planting methods included; farmer practice (FP), Oklahoma State University hand planter (OSU-HP), and John Deere (JD) mechanical planter. Side-dress N application methods included; dribble surface band (DSB), broadcast (BR), and OSU-HP. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 30 and 60 kg ha−1 as urea and UAN at V8 growth stage. On average, planting and applying N at 60 kg ha−1 using OSU-HP resulted in the highest yield (11.4 Mg ha−1). This exceeded check plot yield (5.59 Mg ha−1) by 104%. Nitrogen application improved grain yield by over 57% when compared to the 0-N check (8.77 Mg ha−1). Mid-season N placement below the soil surface using OSU-HP makes it a suitable alternative to improve grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a major constraint for agricultural productivity worldwide, and it is likely to further increase. Different strategies are required to mitigate drought stress in plants. In a two-year study that conducted at agronomic research area of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, we investigated the role of rhizobacteria (RB) and cytokinins (Ck) on drought tolerance, nutrient uptake, yield, and physiological parameters in wheat under drought stress at different developmental stages (tillering, anthesis, and grain filling). Thirteen treatments used were well-watered control plants without RB or Ck, drought at tillering, anthesis, or grain filling without or with RB alone, Ck alone, or combination of both (RB+Ck). In both years, and at the different stages, measured parameters were highest in the well-watered plants but lowest in drought-stressed plants. Application of RB and Ck to drought-stressed plants increased these parameters in the order RB+Ck > RB > Ck. In some cases, under drought stress, there was no difference between inoculation with RB and application of Ck. It was concluded that the combined application of RB and Ck could play a significant role in improving wheat yield and also alleviation of stress under drought condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae) is a highly valued fruit crop and the most common type of blueberry grown in Chile. Plant growth and yield crop production are affected by agricultural practices and different soil parameters including chemical and biological properties. We performed a field assay to assess the effect of the inoculation with a mixture of 10 microorganisms and the addition of humic substances on the growth of blueberry, quality of fruit and soil chemical and biological properties. Two years after planting, the microbial consortium was more effective than the addition of humic substances recording a 35% increase in shoot dry weight, 70% increase in root dry weight and 104% on total fruits yield compared to the control plants. Total polyphenols and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in fruit were increased on humic substance treatment. The combination of both factors increased by 18% organic matter and 60% cation exchange capacity. Soil respiration, microbial biomass C and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, phosphatase, β-glucosidase, urease, and protease) to a greater extent than individual application. The combined treatment, involving microbial inoculant and humic substances, had an additive effect on improving the biochemical and microbiological quality of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the production of crops is always a concern in the plantation sector since higher production leads to the economic growth of a country. For developing countries, including Malaysia, one of their incomes is crop production. Focusing on crop nutrients supply using fertilizers to increase the production of the crops is better than expanding the plantation areas. The limited knowledge regarding the appropriate nutrients supply and the relation between the nutrients in Malaysia has caused the yield of the crops not meet expectations. Thus, sharing knowledge about the nutrient requirements and the nutrient availability toward the uptake rate of the plants are required. Hence, this work reviews the nutrient supply, the effect of each nutrient on the crop, and the nutrient availability in Malaysia's plantation. A better understanding of the nutrient requirement to sustain crop health helps to improve the quality of the crop, its yield, and soil performance for future agriculture work. Moreover, this work also discusses the impact of fertilizer on the plantation and different types of fertilizer. Additionally, their nutrient release patterns will be discussed, along with the pros and cons of these existing fertilizers. Abbreviations: ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; SRF: Slow-release fertilizers; CRF: Controlled release fertilizer; SCU: Sulfur-coated urea fertilizer; PCU: Polymer-coated urea fertilizer; SRB: Slow release blending fertilizer; NUE: Nitrogen-use efficiency; AV: Ammonia volatilization; CRNF: Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the possibilities of utilization of dolomite large size fractions (dropouts) and their effect on plants a five-year experiment was set in 2015. A fertilization value of large fractions (5–7 and 7–10 mm) of dolomite in two doses was studied. The biomass yield of crops in dolomite dropout treatment was around 90% from the treatment using dolomite flour (control). Losses of bases from the soil treated with high doses of dropouts did not exceed the migration losses of the treatment with dolomite flour. Dynamics of dolomite flour dissolution in the soil was empirically modeled. The data prove that high doses of the large-sized dolomite fractions act similarly to standard dolomite flour and have more persistent effects on soil and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted on black soil (Vertic Ustropept) at Zonal Agricultural Research Station farm, Solapur, for successive 30 years from 1987-1988 to 2016-2017 under dryland condition in a randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The pooled results of seven years (2010-2011 to 2016-2017) revealed that the application of 25 kg N ha−1 through crop residue (CR, byre waste) along with 25 kg N ha-1 through Leucaena lopping (Leucaena leucocephala) to rabi sorghum gave significantly higher grain and stover yield and Sustainable Yield Index (14.61 and 36.11 q ha−1 and 0.47, respectively) which was on par with T7, where 25 kg N ha−1 through farmyard manure (FYM) + 25 kg N ha−1 through urea was applied for grain and stover yield (13.95 and 34.46 q ha−1 and 0.44, respectively). The gross and net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratio were also influenced significantly due to integrated nitrogen management (Rs. 59,796, Rs. 47,353 ha−1, and 3.13, respectively). This was also reflected in residual soil fertility status of soil after harvest of rabi sorghum. The organic carbon content and available nitrogen content of soil, as well as nitrogen uptake and moisture use efficiency for grain, were also increased. The total microbial count of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes was more where FYM or CR addition was done. The count of N fixers and P solubilizers was more under Leucaena application either alone or with CR or urea. Application of CR at 4.8 t ha−1 (25 kg N ha−1) along with Leucaena lopping at 3.5 t ha−1 (25 kg N ha−1) as green leaf manure is the best alternative organic source for fertilizer urea (50 kg N ha−1) to increase the production of dryland rabi sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing concern about excessive use of nitrogen (N) and water in agricultural system with unscientific management in Indian and developing countries of the world. Field experiments were conducted on the lateritic sandy loam soils of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, during spring-summer (February-June) seasons for three years (2015-2017) to evaluate okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying amount of nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments had three levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (i.e., 20%, 35%, and 50%) under subsurface drip system. There was no soil water depletion under conventional furrow irrigation system. There were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatments (i.e., 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha-1). This was supplied using urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The yield response of okra crop under subsurface drip was found to be 56.4% higher than that of the furrow irrigation treatment. Best yield response and maximum water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were recorded under 20% soil water depletion with 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertigation. Among the various soil moisture depletions, subsurface drip at 20% soil water depletion treatment responded least quantity of water lost through deep drainage and nitrogen loss beyond the root zone as compared to other irrigation treatments. The water loss through subsurface drainage was observed as 33.11 mm lesser under subsurface drip as compared to that of the furrow irrigation, and this may due to low-volume and frequent irrigation water application with subsurface drip. Hence, irrigation through subsurface drip should be used for improving water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of okra crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of long-term addition of chemical fertilizers with or without amendments was studied on different forms of potassium and the yield of maize and wheat. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers and amendments for 40 years influenced different fractions of potassium significantly. Integrated use of a balanced dose of chemical fertilizer, with farmyard manure (FYM) or lime, sustained higher yields of maize and wheat in comparison to inorganic fertilizers alone. Application of urea (100%) N alone for 40 years resulted in zero yield level. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with FYM or lime influenced different fractions of potassium significantly. Continuous cropping without fertilization resulted in depletion to the order of 21.5%, 16.6%, 11.7%, and 5.5% in water-soluble, exchangeable, 0.5 N HCl extractable, and non-exchangeable K, respectively. Different fractions of potassium were found to be positively and significantly correlated with grain and stover/straw yield of maize and wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-term field experiment was conducted in Vertisols of Solapur (Maharashtra, India) to assess the effect of the integrated use of nutrients on yield, soil properties, and nutrient balance in post-monsoon sorghum. The highest crop yield (1.19 Mg ha−1) and available nutrients (308, 14.9, and 814 kg ha−1 nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), respectively) were recorded in the treatment of 25 kg N sorghum crop residue (CR) + 25 kg N Leucaena clippings (LCs), 25 kg N (CR) + 25 kg N (urea), 25 kg N farmyard manure + 25 kg N (urea), and 25 kg N (CR) + 25 kg N (LC), respectively. Most of the nutrients were depleted except K and Ca. The response ratio for N (16 kg kg−1) and partial factor productivity (33 kg kg−1) were considerably higher in the 25 kg N (CR) + 25 kg N (LC) treatment. Conjunctive use of organic ​and chemical fertilizers helped in reducing the nutrient losses and improved their use efficiency and yield sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of nutrients management practices on yield and rainwater use efficiency of green gram (Vigna radiata), and soil fertility under moist sub-humid Alfisols at Phulbani, India, during 2005–2008. Ten treatment combinations of lime @ 10% and 20% of lime requirement (LR) @ 8.3 t ha−1, farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha−1, green leaf manure @ 5 t ha−1, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N–P–K) (20–40–20 kg ha−1) were tested. The analysis of variance indicated that treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing yield and rainwater use efficiency. Application of lime @ 20% LR + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha−1was superior with maximum mean yield of 531 kg ha−1, while lime @ 10% LR + FYM @ 5 t ha−1+ 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha−1was the second best with 405 kg ha−1and maintained maximum soil fertility of nutrients. The superior treatment gave maximum sustainability yield index of 67.5%, rainwater use efficiency of 0.49 kg ha−1mm−1, improved soil pH, electrical conductivity, and soil nutrients over years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Disposal of oil palm fly ash (OPFA) into the environment causes environmental pollution. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of OPFA and mineral fertilizer on soil properties and yield of sweet corn. A total of six treatments were applied that included 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1OPFA, 200 kg ha–1nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), 100 kg ha–1NPK + 2 t ha–1OPFA as well as the control. A significant increase in soil pH and available P was observed with the sole OPFA treatments at 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1, while a significant increase in exchangeable cations [K, magnesium (Mg)] was detected only at the 6-t ha–1OPFA treatment. The highest grain yield of 4220 kg ha–1was obtained at the 100-kg ha–1NPK + 2 t ha–1OPFA-treated plots, which was statistically similar with the grain yield of 3800 kg ha–1received at the 200-kg ha–1NPK-treated plots. The practical implication of this study is that OPFA can be used as a liming material to increase soil pH and it has a synergetic effect in combination with inorganic fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Around Lubumbashi, the introduction of large-scale pivot-irrigated agriculture entails leveling of large termite mounds during field preparation. The effect on soil fertility and crop yield (Solanum tuberosum and Alium cepa) is evaluated along 11 transects extending from a former termite mound location to reference soil that received no termite mound material. Spreading mound material was found to increase the pH, calcium carbonates CaCO3content, and the amount of resin-extractable phosphorus (P), other possible effects being undone by fertilizer application. On the other hand, poor physical properties of the mound material seem to have adverse effects on crop production. While the benefits of spreading out mound material seem limited for large-scale farmers with access to fertilizers, the use of mound material may present an opportunity to resource-poor farmers throughout the miombo eco-region, provided that the application of mound materials is optimized and that any adverse effect on soil physical properties can be mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower has been mentioned in the literature as a plant that requires large amounts of boron (B) to achieve a successful crop. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of sunflower fertilization with boron on the soil nutrient concentration, index leaf, seed yield, fatty acids’ composition of sunflower oil, and oil content. Cultivar M734 was selected for boron fertilization at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha−1rates. The maximum economic return was obtained with 3.13 kg ha−1. Neither oil content nor fatty acid composition was affected by boron. With proper irrigation, the M734 cultivar was able to absorb boron in the 0 − 40-cm layer, ultimately producing about 3000 kg ha−1of seeds in soils with only 0.30 mg kg−1of boron. Based on these results, it is suggested that the boron fertilization program be expanded to include the soil strata at 0−20 cm and 20−40 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry bean is an important legume and nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the most yield-limiting factors in most of the bean-growing regions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to determine influence of N on growth, yield, and yield components and N uptake and use efficiency of 23 dry bean genotypes. Straw yield, grain yield, yield components, maximum root length, and root dry weight were significantly increased with the addition of N but varied with genotypes. The N × genotype interactions were also significant for most of these traits, indicating variation in responses of genotypes with the variation in N levels. There was significant difference in N uptake and use efficiency among genotypes. Most of growth and yield components were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient, or inefficient group in N-use efficiency. Nitrogen concentration was greater in grain compared to straw, indicating greater N requirement of dry bean genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken to identify suitable indicators of soil quality from a long-term fertilizer experiment conducted since 1972, which was laid out in a randomized block design with eleven treatments replicated three times. Surface (0–0.15 m) soil samples were collected after harvest of wheat crop during 2010–11 and were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Sustainable yield index (SYI) was calculated based on long-term yield data. Highest and lowest overall SYI values were found in balanced fertilization along with manures and urea-only treatments, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, pH, labile carbon, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), pentetate zinc trisodium (DTPA Zn), and nitrogen mineralization were most important minimum dataset (MDS) indicators. The greatest soil quality index (SQI) value was found in balanced fertilization along with manures followed by balanced fertilization along with lime; and the urea-only treatment was the lowest. Balanced fertilization along with manures showed positive change in soil quality and maintained sustainability of productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Biochar (pyrolyzed biomass) has been shown to have potential in increasing crop yield, particularly in tropical soils. Little information, however, is available on how various biochar types affect crop yield in different soil types in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gliricidia biochar on the growth of moringa (Moringa oleifera) plant, which offers numerous medicinal and nutritional benefits to users. A factorial pot experiment was conducted to examine the effect of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) biochar (GB) and NPK inorganic fertilizer on the moringa plant. Biochar at five rates of 0, 22, 44, 88, and 176 g in combination with NPK 15:15:15 inorganic fertilizer at five rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 g were added to 10 kg sandy soil classified as Oxisol. There was a positive but comparable effect of applying gliricidia biochar and inorganic fertilizer. Tree height, stem diameter, and dry-matter mass increased with increase in application rates of the amendments. The main effects of biochar and fertilizer on different plant parameters were significant but the effects of the interaction of biochar and fertilizer were not significant. The results established that in places where inorganic fertilizers are limited, gliricidia biochar could be applied to produce healthy moringa seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Poor sugarcane ratoon yields in the subtropics are responsible for decrease in overall productivity and poor sugar recovery. The present work is an attempt to assess reasons for decline in crop productivity despite providing adequate inputs. The simultaneously initiated plant and ratoon crops were compared for dry-matter accumulation and its distribution pattern in relation to changes in soil-root interface environment. In spite of well-established root system and advanced sprouting and tillering during the formative phase, dry-matter accumulation and nutrient uptake were low in a ratoon crop and were more apparent 120–210 days after planting. This decrease in nutrient uptake was due to declines in soil cation-exchange capacity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity in vivo by 19.4 and 25.9 percent, and increase in percentage leakage by 11.26 percent. These alterations at the soil-root interface in ratoons functioned as barriers for nutrient uptake and affected overall physiological growth and dry-matter accumulation adversely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents the importance of soil fertility in the dryland farming areas of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Mail-based surveys conducted in 1981, 1996, and 2011 were used to document the importance placed on soil fertility by farmers. The significant findings of the 2011 survey were (1) more than 62% of the growers attributed more than 50% of their annual crop yield to soil fertility; (2) soil samples were collected at least once in a crop rotation on 91.6% of farms; (3) 31.8% of growers took their own soil samples, whereas fertilizer dealers took 62.8% of the samples; and (4) 54% of growers made their own fertilizer recommendations. Compared to the 1981 survey results, in 2011 farmers were more likely to (1) attribute more of their yields to soil fertility; (2) have their fields soil sampled; (3) collect their own soil samples; and (4) make their own fertilizer recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of directly, residually, and cumulatively applied mixed sludge generated by the soft-drink industry on rice and wheat yields, soil fertility, grain heavy-metal uptake, depthwise distribution of micronutrients and heavy-metals after 3 years of application. Crop (rice/wheat) yield (grain/straw) increased significantly with direct sludge application at 10.0 t ha−1year−1, either alone or jointly with fertilizers, over the absolute control. Interestingly, the effects of sludge application on crop (rice/wheat) yield either applied directly at 10.0 t ha−1year−1, residually at 30.0 t ha−1year−1, and/or cumulatively at 15.0 t ha−1were nonsignificant. Direct sludge application at 5.0/10.0 t ha−1year−1resulted in significant increase in heavy-metal uptake over the absolute control. The micronutrient/heavy-metal contents in surface soil were significantly greater with sludge application than those in subsurface layers. The results thus show that sludge application results in significant improvement in yield and soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic white cabbage response to the application of a source-separated municipal organic-waste compost, lime, and Gafsa phosphate was investigated throughout a randomized block pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. Cabbage yield and nitrogen (N) uptake increased with all fertilizes; however, lime and phosphate effects on cabbage yield were enhanced when the compost was not applied. Phosphate application partially replaced the need for lime, showing that liming has to be estimated based on soil acidity but also on soil P availability and phosphate recommendation. Partitioning of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) between leaves and roots was held for the benefit of the leaves, but to a lesser extent for P and Ca, compared to for N and K. This study shows the importance of P availability to improve cabbage growth and recommends source-separated organic waste compost to increase soil N availability for organic cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fertilizer phosphorus (P) rate recommendations for the north-central United States are based on combination of a critical soil-test P value and a mass-balance calculation of fertilizer P required to maintain critical soil-test P. Accurate estimates of grain P removal are an essential component of P mass-balance calculation. Current north-central extension service guidelines recommend that estimates of corn and soybean grain P removal should be calculated using constant grain P concentrations. We reviewed research from the north-central region to determine the extent to which variation in grain P concentration accounts for differences in crop P removal and to determine whether predictions of grain P concentration can be improved through consideration of soil-test P, crop yield, and fertilizer P application. We found that soil-test P, grain yield, and fertilizer P are predictor variables that may significantly improve estimates of grain P concentration for corn and soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) distribution and accumulation in cabbage grown on soil amended with Cd and Pb. The soil was amended with 0, 5, 10, 40, and 80 mg Cd kg−1in the form of cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2] and with 0, 10, 50, 100, and 500 mg Pb kg−1in the form of lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2]. Main soil properties, concentrations of total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Pb and Cd in soil, plant growth, and total contents of metals in leaves and roots were measured. The DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb were significantly and positively related to the addition of Cd and Pb respectively. Cadmium accumulation in cabbage plants was increased with the increase of Cd rates in soil whereas Pb accumulation was significantly increased by the greatest dose of Pb only, in comparison to control treatment. The largest proportions of Pb and Cd accumulated in roots. Cabbage plants did not show growth disturbance and the plants showed no symptoms of phytotoxicity as results of Cd and Pb application. On the contrary, fresh weights of leaves and roots were increased significantly in the lowest applications (5 mg Cd kg−1and 10 mg Pb kg−1) compared to the control treatment. Further additions of Cd and Pb had positive, but not significant, effects on biomass except for the weight of roots. The tolerance of cabbage plants to high concentrations of these metals in soil is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were carried out to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on seed yield (SY) of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napusL. var. napus), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), glucosinolate (GSL) concentration in seed, and yield of quality components per ha (crude protein yield, CPY; crude fat yield, CFY; glucosinolate yield, GSLY). This study also determined the N and S fertilizer use efficiencies (NFUE, SUFE) to produce SY, CFY, and CPY per unit of respective fertilizer under different conditions of cultivation years. A spring rape double-low variety Maskot was grown at three rates of N fertilizer (0, 90, and 150 kg N ha−1) and three rates of S fertilizer (0 20, and 40 kg S ha−1) on an Endocalcari–Epihypogleyic Cambisol of middle Lithuanian lowland. Year (Yr) and N rate significantly (atP< 0.01) influenced all parameters tested (except for CF and GSL). The CF concentration significantly depended on N rate (atP< 0.01) and did not depend on experimental year and S rate. Conversely, the effects of the cultivation year and S rate were significant atP< 0.01 on GSL concentration. The GSL tended to increase through application of the greatest fertilizer rates: 150 kg N ha−1and 40 kg S ha−1. The greatest SY (2975 kg ha−1on average) was produced in the moderately cool and wet year with the longest growing and seed ripening period in comparison with the rest of the study years. The maximum NFUE-s for SY and seed quality component yields were obtained in 2004 and 2005 cultivation years with N fertilizer rate 90 kg N ha−1when combined with 20 kg S ha−1S rate. The NFUEs for SY were 8.22 and 10.11 kg seed per kg N fertilizer used, respectively. Contribution of one kg of S fertilizer was very variable: from negative to twice as high values as those related to NFUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, the influence of different rates of applied mineral fertilizers and their combinations with bacterial inoculants [nitrogen (N)–fixing Klebsiella planticola and Enterobacter spp.] on the number of microorganisms from the N cycle in a Cambisol and the yield of maize was evaluated in this study. The results obtained implied that high rates of mineral fertilizers brought about an increase in the number of fungi and a decrease in the number of Azotobacter spp., oligonitrophiles, ammonifiers, and nitrifiers in soil. Combined application of microbial inoculants and low rates of mineral fertilizers resulted in the greatest increase in the number of Azotobacter spp., oligonitrophiles, and ammonifiers in soil. The greatest number of soil nitrifiers, as well as the grain yield of maize studied, were determined in the variants where combinations of the microbial inoculants and low and high rates of mineral fertilizers were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosing nutrient insufficiencies or toxicities in sorghum through foliar analysis is still unusual and mainly used for grain sorghum. The influences of the combinations of four nitrogen (N) rates with three sodium chloride (NaCl) rates on the leaf N, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) concentrations of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. saccharatum], cropped for ethanol production, and on biomass and sugar yields were evaluated in three consecutive years of an experiment established on a Eutric Fluvisol equipped with a trickle irrigation system (“triple emitter source”). The relationships among leaf nutrient concentrations, dry matter, and sugar yields were also examined. Nitrogen, much more than salinity, affected leaf nutrient concentration, stem dry weight, and sugar yield. Leaf N concentration was the best indicator for predicting sugar production of sweet sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presently, directly seeded rice (DSR) is preferred over transplanted puddle rice (TPR) because of its high water-use efficiency (WUE). Also, TPR deteriorates the soil physicochemical properties, so in these conditions dairy manure has been used to reduce bulk density, increase hydraulic conductivity, and improve soil nutrient status. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of manure and rice planting methods on yield, soil quality, WUE, and economics of rice and the succeeding wheat crop. Results showed that TPR increased kernel yield by 10.26% compared to DSR. However, it deteriorated soil physical properties and reduced soil nitrogen by 7.31% at 0–15 cm deep and nitrate concentration by 61.40% at 0–35 cm deep, which significantly reduced succeeding wheat yield by 18.21%. The residual soil organic fertility after crop harvest was proportional to the level of dairy manure used. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Maize was grown for two cropping years to investigate the supplementary effect of inorganic fertilizer with cow dung on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and soil properties. Five treatments were imposed: unfertilized control and four different fertilization packages comprising two different levels of inorganic fertilization with cow dung as supplements, sole inorganic fertilizer, and sole cow dung. Results analyzed after the two cropping years showed significant differences in growth and yield. A reduction in yield was observed for the unfertilized plots, whereas yields in the plots of supplemented inorganic fertilizer with cow dung increased and were significantly at par with the sole inorganic fertilizer plot. Water-use efficiency was improved for the fertilized plots. Significant improvement was observed in the water-stable aggregates with plots that received cow dung as organic manure either in part with inorganic fertilizer or as sole cow dung. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Long-term effects of the different combinations of nutrient-management treatments were studied on crop yields of sorghum + cowpea in rotation with cotton + black gram. The effects of rainfall, soil temperature, and evaporation on the status of soil fertility and productivity of crops were also modeled and evaluated using a multivariate regression technique. The study was conducted on a permanent experimental site of rain-fed semi-arid Vertisol at the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Kovilpatti Centre, India, during 1995 to 2007 using 13 combinations of nutrient-management treatments. Application of 20 kg nitrogen (N) (urea) + 20 kg N [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 20 kg phosphorus (P) ha−1 gave the greatest mean grain yield (2146 kg ha−1) of sorghum and the fourth greatest mean yield (76 kg ha−1) of cowpea under sorghum + cowpea system. The same treatment maintained the greatest mean yield of cotton (546 kg ha−1) and black gram (236 kg ha−1) under a cotton + cowpea system. When soil fertility was monitored, this treatment maintained the greatest mean soil organic carbon (4.4 g kg−1), available soil P (10.9 kg ha−1), and available soil potassium (K) (411 kg ha−1), and the second greatest level of mean available soil N (135 kg ha−1) after the 13-year study. The treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing soil organic carbon (C); available soil N, P, and K; and yield of crops attained under sorghum + cowpea and cotton + black gram rotations. Soil temperature at different soil depths at 07:20 h and rainfall had a significant influence on the status of soil organic C. Based on the prediction models developed between long-term yield and soil fertility variables, 20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg P ha−1 could be prescribed for sorghum + cowpea, and 20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (FYM) could be prescribed for cotton + black gram. These combinations of treatments would provide a sustainable yield in the range of 1681 to 2146 kg ha−1 of sorghum, 74 to 76 kg ha−1 of cowpea, 486 to 546 kg ha−1 of cotton, and 180 to 236 kg ha−1 of black gram over the years. Beside assuring greater yields, these soil and nutrient management options would also help in maintaining maximum soil organic C of 3.8 to 4.4 g kg−1 soil, available N of 126 to 135 kg ha−1, available soil P of 8.9 to 10.9 kg ha−1, and available soil K of 392 to 411 kg ha−1 over the years. These prediction models for crop yields and fertility status can help us to understand the quantitative relationships between crop yields and nutrients status in soil. Because black gram is unsustainable, as an alternative, sorghum + cowpea could be rotated with cotton for attaining maximum productivity, assuring sustainability, and maintaining soil fertility on rain-fed semi-arid Vertisol soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the possibility of managing manganese (Mn) deficiency through mixed cropping, berseem was grown as a monoculture and in mixed cropping with oats, ryegrass, or raya in a Mn-deficient soil under screen-house conditions. In no-Mn berseem monoculture treatment, shoot dry weight (SDW) and root length (RL) were, respectively, 33% and 45% of the maximum recorded values obtained with berseem grown in mixed cropping with ryegrass at 60 days of growth. Corresponding values of SDW and RL of berseem when grown with raya were 78% and 76% of the maximum, respectively. Even though berseem grown in mixed cropping with ryegrass and raya had smaller RL/SDW ratio and greater shoot growth rate than berseem grown as monoculture, it acquired a high shoot Mn concentration because of 3.8 times more Mn influx. A high Mn influx was the result of a high concentration gradient that developed because of depletion of Mn at the root surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing interest in commercial plantations of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata because of their ability to produce biodiesel fuel. A substantial portion of the by-product of the biodiesel extraction process is the de-oiled cake. Prior research has demonstrated its potential to be gainfully utilized as organic fertilizer in composted form. The commercial utilization, however, is still a distant dream as more research is required to obtain optimal proportions and demonstrate their efficacy on specific crops. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of composted de-oiled cakes of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata wastes on the growth, yield, color, and macronutrient and micronutrient composition of Lycopersicon esculentum (cultivar Bezosheetal) fruits. The composted cake was added to soil in various proportions. The results indicate that addition of the composted organic wastes improve availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), as well as key micronutrients such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in soil. Consequently, a significant improvement in yield and protein was observed in the tomato crops grown in the soil applied with specific composted proportions. The availability of micronutrients in the fruit was also enhanced, although there was reduction in color parameters. Thus, Jatropha- and Pongamia-based composted fertilizers have demonstrated their utility as commercially viable alternative to chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [SRem] and straw retained [SRet]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha−1in SRet, and only 0 kg N ha−1in SRem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha−1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha−1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha−1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha−1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha−1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Forage pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed) is a new forage crop in Iran. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Tehran to evaluate the response of pearl millet to four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1) and four irrigation regimes (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of available soil water abbreviated to I40, I60, I80 and I100, respectively) during 2006–2007. Total dry matter production reached a maximum of 24.4 and 23.5 t ha−1at I40 and I60 at N225, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased by adding more fertilizer and minimum nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at N225 over all irrigation regimes. At N225, water use efficiency reached the maximum of 3.57 and 4.10 kg m−3 in I80 and I100, respectively. Pearl millet forage could be produced in the regions where water is scarce and additional N fertilizer could increase total dry matter and water use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]