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The objective of this study is to develop a new environmentally-friendly brake pad made from eggshells (Es) and banana peels (BPs) as reinforcement agents. E and BP particles as dual reinforcement with various compositions were combined. The E/BP mixture was then embedded on a polymer matrix composing a resin/hardener mixture in a 1:1 ratio. As a standard, brake pads using a single reinforcement of E and BP particles were also fabricated. Physical properties (i.e. particle size, surface roughness, morphology, and density), as well as mechanical properties (i.e. hardness, wear rate, and friction coefficient properties) were investigated. It was observed that using dual reinforcements was preferable (compared to using single reinforcements) because they had a synergistic effect on the mechanical properties of the brake pad. The best mechanical properties were found in dual reinforcements of brake pad specimens using E/BP particles with a higher BP ratio in which the value of the stiffness test, puncture test, wear rate, and coefficient of friction were 4.5 MPa, 86.80, 0.093×10-4 g/s.mm2, and 1.67×10-4, respectively. A high BP particle ratio played a dominant role in dual reinforcements, increasing the resin's bonding ability and resulting in good adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. When compared to commercial brake pads, the brake pad specimens fabricated in this study met the standards. The techno-economic analysis also confirmed the prospective production of brake pads from E and BP particles (compared to commercial brake pads). From this research, it is expected that environmentally friendly and low-cost brake pads can be used to replace the dangerous friction materials.

The objective of this study was to investigate isotherm adsorption of carbon microparticles from pineapple peel waste. Carbon microparticles were prepared by carbonizing pineapple peel waste at 215-250°C and grinding using a saw-milling process. To investigate adsorption properties of carbon microparticles, experiments were done by evaluating adsorption of curcumin (as a model of adsorbate) in the ambient temperature and pressure under constant pH condition. To confirm the adsorption characteristics, carbon particles with different sizes (i.e., 100, 125, and 200 ?m) were tested, and the adsorption results were compared with several standard isotherm adsorption models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin- Radushkevich. To support the adsorption analysis, several characterizations (i.e., optical microscope, sieve test, and Fourier transform infrared analysis) were conducted. The adsorption test showed that the adsorption profile is fit to the Freundlich model for all variations, indicating the multilayer adsorption process on heterogeneous surfaces and interactions between adsorbate molecules. The results from other isotherm models also confirmed that the adsorption process occurs physically via Van der Waals force in binding adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent.