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This article focuses on the policies of Socialist Poland towards the non-aligned Pan-African state of Mali during the Presidency of Modibo Keita (1960-1968). Mali was one of three 'radical' West African states in which the Eastern bloc and the People's Republic of China made inroads in the first post-colonial decade. Poland, like other Eastern bloc countries, placed great emphasis in its public diplomacy on support of 'Third World' countries as they freed themselves from colonialism. The article shows that, in the case of Mali, these publicly stated aims sharply contrasted with socialist Poland's policies on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Spanish, German, Polish and Romanian archives, this article explores some aspects of the Cold War that have hardly been studied until now: the activities of the Eastern Bloc secret services in Spain; the surveillance of Spanish diplomats; and Eastern European spies in Spain. The article examines the history of East-West relationships but adds the perspective of everyday life, using oral history and the records of the security police. The focus is on the importance of the surveillance of Spain as a Cold War country, which has almost never been researched in its connection to the Eastern Bloc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The side effects of the Global South's 1980s debt crisis on the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) member countries have received scant scholarly attention, even though the members were important trading partners for many developing countries. This paper focuses on the reaction of the East by looking at internal documents from CMEA meetings. It is argued that the crisis of the South aggravated the already pending crisis of the Eastern economies. The CMEA countries reacted by taking on more risks in doing business with the South and trying to secure the debt repayments by adopting Western financial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]