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Imaging of cervical spine trauma most commonly begins with computed tomography (CT) for initial osseous and basic soft tissue evaluation, followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for complementary evaluation of the neural structures (i.e., spinal cord, nerves) and soft tissues (i.e., ligaments). Although CT and conventional MRI sequences have been the mainstay of trauma imaging for decades, there have been significant advances in CT processing, imaging sequences and techniques made possible by hardware and software development, and artificial intelligence. These advancements may provide advantages in increasing sensitivity for detection of pathology as well as in decreasing imaging and interpretation time. Unquestionably, the most important role of imaging is to provide information to help direct patient care, including diagnosis, next steps in treatment plan, and prognosis. As such, there has been a growing body of research investigating the clinical relevance of imaging findings to clinical outcomes in the setting of spinal cord injury. This article will focus on these recent advances in imaging of cervical spinal trauma., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The abstract of a research paper functions to attract readers and highlight the clinical significance of a research project in a broadly appealing manner. Abstract structure is commonly dictated by the target journal, however, a basic style typically follows the "Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion" structure of introduction, materials/methods, results, and discussion/conclusion. The abstract itself is commonly the initial accessible portion of a research paper, so writing in an engaging while informative manner is imperative for increasing manuscript views and citations. Overall, an abstract is a to-the-point synopsis of a research project that succinctly describes the entirety of your work., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Retrospective Observational Study., Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the utility of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot, in providing patient information for lumbar spinal fusion and lumbar laminectomy in comparison with the Google search engine., Summary of Background Data: ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot with seemingly unlimited functionality, may present an alternative to a Google web search for patients seeking information about medical questions. With widespread misinformation and suboptimal quality of online health information, it is imperative to assess ChatGPT as a resource for this purpose., Methods: The first 10 frequently asked questions (FAQs) related to the search terms "lumbar spinal fusion" and "lumbar laminectomy" were extracted from Google and ChatGPT. Responses to shared questions were compared regarding length and readability, using the Flesch Reading Ease score and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Numerical FAQs from Google were replicated in ChatGPT., Results: Two of 10 (20%) questions for both lumbar spinal fusion and lumbar laminectomy were asked similarly between ChatGPT and Google. Compared with Google, ChatGPT's responses were lengthier (340.0 vs. 159.3 words) and of lower readability (Flesch Reading Ease score: 34.0 vs. 58.2; Flesch-Kincaid grade level: 11.6 vs. 8.8). Subjectively, we evaluated these responses to be accurate and adequately nonspecific. Each response concluded with a recommendation to discuss further with a health care provider. Over half of the numerical questions from Google produced a varying or nonnumerical response in ChatGPT., Conclusions: FAQs and responses regarding lumbar spinal fusion and lumbar laminectomy were highly variable between Google and ChatGPT. While ChatGPT may be able to produce relatively accurate responses in select questions, its role remains as a supplement or starting point to a consultation with a physician, not as a replacement, and should be taken with caution until its functionality can be validated., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome, the relevance of which is becoming increasingly apparent in the clinical setting. It is often accompanied by varying degrees of sarcopenia and/or osteoporosis, leading to a decline in physical function, decreased levels of physical activity, and overall poorer health outcomes in older adults. Identifying this cohort of patients before stressor events such as spinal surgery can prove paramount to improving the postoperative outcomes of these patients. This review provides a pertinent descriptive analysis to aid identification of frailty in a clinical setting, in addition to outlining methods of preoperative intervention that may improve postoperative outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Bibliometric and visualization analysis., Objective: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become a common health problem and the most frequent indication for spinal surgery. This study aimed to illustrate the overall knowledge structure, and development trends of LSS, using a bibliometric analysis and newly developed visualization tools., Materials and Methods: Research data sets were acquired from the Web of Science. The time span was defined as "2000-2019". VOS viewer and Citespace software was provided to analyze the data and generate visualization knowledge maps. Annual trend of publications, distribution, H-index status, co-authorship status and research hotspots were analyzed., Results: A total of 1934 publications met the requirement. The United States published most papers (521, 26.9%), both total citations (17,626) and H-index (61) ranked first of all the countries. The most productive organizations on LSS is Seoul National University (50). Spine (43) published the most papers on LSS. Quality of life, risk factor, disability, double blind trials, and decompression surgery are the research hotspots in the recent years., Conclusion: The number of publications showed an upward trend with a stable rise in recent years. The United States is a country with the highest productivity, not only in quality, but also in quantity. Seoul National University has been the largest contributor in this field. Spine is the best journal related to LSS. Quality of life, risk factor, disability, and decompression surgery are the research hotspots in the recent years. Indeed, this study provides a new insight to the growth and development of LSS. Moreover, it will contribute to the growth of the international frontier of LSS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Objective: To assess the impact of preoperative symptom duration (PSD) on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after minimally invasive (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for degenerative spondylolisthesis (DSpond)., Background: A prolonged duration of preoperative symptoms may implicate inferior long-term outcomes postsurgery. Prior studies of lumbar fusion recipients are limited by the inclusion of heterogeneous populations., Methods: A single-surgeon registry was retrospectively queried for privately insured patients who had undergone primary, elective, single-level MIS-TLIF for DSpond with a recorded symptom start date. Cohorts were formed by PSD: shorter duration (PSD <1 y) or greater duration (GD; PSD ≥1 y). PROMs evaluated included Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Physical Function, Oswestry Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale-Back, Visual Analog Scale-Leg, and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. The magnitude of PROM (∆PROM) improvement from preoperative baseline to 6 weeks and final follow-up (∆PROM-FF) were compared between cohorts. Intercohort achievement rates of a minimum clinically important difference in each PROM were compared., Results: A total of 133 patients included 85 patients with GD cohort. There were no significant differences in pre hoc demographics and perioperative characteristics between cohorts, as well as preoperative, 6-week, or final follow-up PROMs between cohorts. Both cohorts demonstrated significant improvement in all PROMs at 6 weeks and final follow-up ( P ≤ 0.049, all). There were no significant intercohort differences demonstrated in minimum clinically important difference achievement rates, ∆PROM-6W, or ∆PROM-FF in any PROM., Conclusions: Regardless of the symptom duration before MIS-TLIF for DSpond, patients demonstrate significant improvement in physical function, pain, disability, and mental health. Patients with a GD of preoperative symptoms did not report inferior scores in any PROM domain. Patients with a GD of preoperative symptoms did not suffer inferior rates of clinically meaningful improvement after surgical intervention. These findings should be considered when counseling patients before surgical intervention for DSpond., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Retrospective Review., Objective: To assess the impact of preoperative pain and disability on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) for degenerative spondylolisthesis., Summary of Background Data: Varying preoperative symptom severity in lumbar fusion patients alters perceptions of surgical success., Methods: Degenerative spondylolisthesis patients undergoing elective, primary, single-level MI-TLIF were stratified by preoperative symptom severity: Mild (VAS-B<7/ODI<50), Moderate (VAS-B≥7/ODI<50 or VAS-B<7/ODI≥50), and Severe (VAS-B≥7/ODI≥50). PROMs, Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Physical Function (PROMIS-PF), ODI, VAS-B, VAS-Leg (VAS-L), and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were compared at baseline, 6 weeks, and final follow-up (μ=16.3±8.8 mo). Postoperative PROMs, magnitudes of improvement, and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement rates were compared between cohorts through multivariable regression., Results: A total of 177 patients were included. Acute postoperative pain and narcotic consumption were highest in the severe cohort (P≤0.003). All preoperative PROMs worsened from mild to severe cohorts (P<0.001). All PROMs continued to be significantly different between cohorts at 6 weeks and final follow-up, with the worst scores in the Severe cohort (P≤0.003). At 6 weeks, all cohorts improved in ODI, VAS-B, VAS-L, and PHQ-9 (P≤0.003), with the Moderate cohort also improving in PROMIS-PF (P=0.017). All Cohorts improved across PROMs at the final follow-up (P≤0.044). Magnitudes of improvement in ODI, VAS-B, and PHQ-9 increased with worsening preoperative symptom severity (P≤0.042). The Moderate and Severe cohorts demonstrated higher MCID achievement in ODI, VAS-B, and PHQ-9 rates than the Mild cohort., Conclusions: Despite preoperative pain and disability severity, patients undergoing MI-TLIF for degenerative spondylolisthesis report significant improvement in physical function, pain, disability, and mental health postoperatively. Patients with increasing symptom severity continued to report worse severity postoperatively compared with those with milder symptoms preoperatively but were more likely to report larger improvements and achieve clinically meaningful improvement in disability, pain, and mental health., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Electronic surveys are readily utilized for the conduction of orthopedic research and are commonly plagued by decreased response rates as compared with more conventional telephone and paper surveys. Given the rise of electronic survey usage and technological implementation into medical research, this paper aims to summarize factors both intrinsic and extrinsic which can increase survey completion in the clinical setting., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: This was a retrospective comparative study., Objective: To compare the likelihood of approach-related complications for patients undergoing single-level lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) at L4-L5 to those undergoing the procedure at upper lumbar levels., Summary of Background Data: LLIF has been associated with a number of advantages when compared with traditional interbody fusion techniques. However, potential risks with the approach include vascular or visceral injury, thigh dysesthesias, and lumbar plexus injury. There are concerns of a higher risk of these complications at the L4-L5 level compared with upper lumbar levels., Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort review was completed for consecutive patients undergoing single-level LLIF between 2004 and 2019 by a single surgeon. Indication for surgery was symptomatic degenerative lumbar stenosis and/or spondylolisthesis. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts: LLIF at L4-L5 versus a single level between L1 and L4. Baseline characteristics, intraoperative complications, postoperative approach-related neurological symptoms, and patient-reported outcomes were compared and analyzed between the cohorts., Results: A total of 122 were included in analysis, of which 58 underwent LLIF at L4-L5 and 64 underwent LLIF between L1 and L4. There were no visceral or vascular injuries or lumbar plexus injuries in either cohort. There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative hip pain, anterior thigh dysesthesias, and/or hip flexor weakness between the cohorts (53.5% L4-L5 vs. 37.5% L1-L4; P =0.102). All patients reported complete resolution of these symptoms by 6-month postoperative follow-up., Discussion: LLIF surgery at the L4-L5 level is associated with a similar infrequent likelihood of approach-related complications and postoperative hip pain, thigh dysesthesias, and hip flexor weakness when compared with upper lumbar level LLIF. Careful patient selection, meticulous use of real-time neuromonitoring, and an understanding of the anatomic location of the lumbar plexus to the working corridor are critical to success., Competing Interests: F.M.P. has Royalties and Stock Ownership with Nuvasive. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

As physician burnout and wellness become increasingly recognized as vital themes for the medical community to address, the topic of chronic work-related conditions in surgeons must be further evaluated. While improving ergonomics and occupational health have been long emphasized in the executive and business worlds, particularly in relation to company morale and productivity, information within the surgical community remains relatively scarce. Chronic peripheral nerve compression syndromes, hand osteoarthritis, cervicalgia and back pain, as well as other repetitive musculoskeletal ailments affect many spinal surgeons. The use of ergonomic training programs, an operating microscope or exoscope, powered instruments for pedicle screw placement, pneumatic Kerrison punches and ultrasonic osteotomes, as well as utilizing multiple surgeons or microbreaks for larger cases comprise several methods by which spinal surgeons can potentially improve workspace health. As such, it is worthwhile exploring these areas to potentially improve operating room ergonomics and overall surgeon longevity., Competing Interests: Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AOSpine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Spine. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Clinical Spine Surgery. Dr Vaccaro reports other from Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, personal fees from Aesculap, other from AOSpine, personal fees and other from Atlas Spine, other from Avaz Surgical, other from Bonovo Orthopaedics, other from Computational Biodynamics, other from Cytonics, other from Deep Health, other from Dimension Orthotics LLC, other from Electrocore, personal fees from Elsevier, other from Flagship Surgical, other from FlowPharma, other from Jushi, personal fees and other from Globus, other from Innovative Surgical Design, other from Insight Therapeutics, personal fees from Jaypee, personal fees from Medtronics, other from Nuvasive, other from Orthobullets, other from Paradigm Spine, other from Parvizi Surgical Innovation, other from Progressive Spinal Technologies, other from Replication Medica, other from Rothman Institute and Related Properties, other from Spine Medica, personal fees from SpineWave, other from Spinology, other from Stout Medical, personal fees from Stryker Spine, personal fees from Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton, personal fees from Thieme, other from Vertiflex, other from ViewFi Health, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study., Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether race, specifically American white and American black, correlates with the ratio of cancellous to total bone at the iliac crest., Summary of Background Data: Studies have demonstrated higher proximal femur bone density in American blacks than American whites. However, whether differences occur at the iliac crest, a common site for autologous graft material in spinal fusion surgery, is not well studied. Understanding such differences could aid orthopedic surgeon decision-making regarding graft options., Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 133 sequential patients ages 18-75 who underwent computed tomography scan of the pelvis, at a single academic medical center from January 1, 2014, to January 1, 2016. The cohort included 46 American white (21 females, 25 males) and 87 American black participants (40 females, 37 males), an average age of 51.8 years. Groups were matched regarding age, sex, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Score. Measurements of cortical and cancellous bone thickness in the right and left iliac crests were performed using bone window protocol on computed tomography scans. Statistical significance was determined using a 2-tailed t test., Results: The interobserver interclass correlation coefficient reliability (N=2) for measurements at the right iliac crest is 0.895 (95% confidence interval, 0.852-0.925), and the interclass correlation coefficient for the left iliac crest is 0.912 (95% confidence interval, 0.877-0.938). A statistically significant difference in the mean cancellous bone ratio was found between American black (0.667±0.065) and American white (0.750±0.051) groups (P<0.001)., Conclusions: At the iliac crest, American black patients had a lower mean ratio of cancellous to the total bone as compared with American white patients. This population may benefit from alternative graft options. While iliac crest autograft remains the first option for fusion surgeries, alternative options should be considered to ensure that each patient receives the best-personalized care., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Medical and surgical research has always had a long-standing relationship with industry-based funding from sources, such as drug and device companies. Concerns exist surrounding the association between funding sources, outcome from studies and publication bias. Studies demonstrating increased odds ratios associated with positive results in industry sponsored studies across medicine have stimulated Cochrane reviews, literature reviews and other articles to examine this relationship further. In spine surgery in particular, studies with positive results have an odds ratio of 3.3 of being published. This article discusses the biases associated with industry sponsorship, possible ways to reduce such biases and ways to improve transparency in research relationships. This article explores the types of bias that can be encountered at different stages of research including previous trials in spine surgery. The means of improving transparency including the Physician Payment Sunshine Act of 2010 and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME) accreditation are discussed. We recognize that physicians undertaking industry sponsored research should be protected and not be liable to perverse incentives. We conclude that mitigating bias in industry sponsored research is a multistep process and needs a multifaceted approach. The main beneficiary of research should be patients and as such a collective effort from medical professionals, health care institutions, journals and industry should approach research, and publications with that in mind., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: This was a retrospective comparative study., Objective: The goal of this study was to further elucidate the relationship between preoperative depression and patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) following lumbar decompression surgery., Summary of Background Data: The impact of preoperative depression on PROMs after lumbar decompression surgery is not well established., Methods: Patients undergoing lumbar decompression between 1 and 3 levels were retrospectively identified. Patients were split into 2 groups using a preoperative Mental Component Score (MCS)-12 threshold score of 45.6 or 35.0 to identify those with and without depressive symptoms. In addition, patients were also split based on a pre-existing diagnosis of depression in the medical chart. Absolute PROM scores, the recovery ratio and the percent of patients achieving minimum clinically important difference between groups were compared, and a multiple linear regression analysis was performed., Results: A total of 184 patients were included, with 125 (67.9%) in the MCS-12 >45.6 group and 59 (32.1%) in the MCS-12 ≤45.6 group. The MCS-12 ≤45.6 and MCS<35.0 group had worse baseline Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (P<0.001 for both) and Visual Analogue Scale Leg (P=0.018 and 0.024, respectively) scores. The MCS ≤45.6 group had greater disability postoperatively in terms of SF-12 Physical Component Score (PCS-12) (39.1 vs. 43.1, P=0.015) and ODI (26.6 vs. 17.8, P=0.006). Using regression analysis, having a baseline MCS-12 scores ≤45.6 before surgical intervention was a significant predictor of worse improvement in terms of PCS-12 [β=-4.548 (-7.567 to -1.530), P=0.003] and ODI [β=8.234 (1.433, 15.035), P=0.010] scores than the MCS-12 >45.6 group., Conclusion: Although all patients showed improved in all PROMs after surgery, those with MCS-12 ≤45.6 showed less improvement in PCS-12 and ODI scores., Competing Interests: Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AOSpine and Medtronic. Dr Vaccaro has consulted or has done independent contracting for DePuy, Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Stout Medical, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint Global, Medacorp, Innovative Surgical Design, Orthobullets, Ellipse, and Vertex. He has also served on the scientific advisory board/board of directors/committees for Flagship Surgical, AO Spine, Innovative Surgical Design, and Association of Collaborative Spine Research. Dr Vaccaro has received royalty payments from Medtronic, Stryker Spine, Globus, Aesculap, Thieme, Jaypee, Elsevier, and Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton. He has stock/stock option ownership interests in Replication Medica, Globus, Paradigm Spine, Stout Medical, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Spine Medica, Computational Biodynamics, Spinology, In Vivo, Flagship Surgical, Cytonics, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Electrocore, Gamma Spine, Location Based Intelligence, FlowPharma, R.S.I., Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Innovative Surgical Design, and Avaz Surgical. In addition, Dr Vaccaro has also provided expert testimony. He has also served as deputy editor/editor of Clinical Spine Surgery. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: A retrospective study evaluating cranial facet joint violation (FJV) by cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw., Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors of FJV following CBT screw placement for different techniques., Summary of Background Data: CBT is a novel technique for lumbar fusion, and FJV is one of the most common complications, leading to poor prognosis. No studies have investigated the incidence and risk factors of FJV for the CBT technique during different methods., Methods: The authors reviewed 91 consecutive patients who underwent CBT screw instrumentation from June 2015 to August 2018. In the fluoroscopic-open group (FOG), 42 patients received an open procedure. In the navigation-open group (NOG), 24 patients underwent open instrumentation. In the navigation-percutaneous group, 25 patients underwent percutaneous instrumentation. Postoperative computed tomography scans were obtained to determine the degree and incidence of FJV. Clinical and imaging data were analyzed to clarify the risk factors of FJV., Results: The incidence of FJV occurred in 35.7% of patients and 16.9% of screws in the FOG, 4.2% of patients and 3.8% of screws in the NOG, and 8.0% of patients and 8.0% of screws in the navigation-percutaneous group. Open instrumentation using navigation led to a lower risk of FJV compared with the conventional approach. There was no difference in the rate of FJV between percutaneous and open surgery with navigation assistance. Risk factors affecting FJV include: (1) left-side screw, facet angle ≥45 degrees, and scoliosis for fluoroscopy-assisted CBT instrumentation; (2) body mass index ≥30 kg/m, facet angle ≥45 degrees, and scoliosis for navigation-assisted CBT instrumentation., Conclusions: Lumbar fusion through CBT instrumentation would reduce FJV. Computer-assisted navigation resulted in a lower incidence of FJV. Percutaneous instrumentation with navigation assistance is not a risk factor for FJV. Special care should be taken in patients with body mass index ≥30 kg/m, left-side screw, facet angle ≥45 degrees, and scoliosis., Level of Evidence: Level III.

Evidence-based medicine drives medical decision-making in the modern era, which has historically favored randomized control trials. Despite their notoriety, randomized control trials have multiple disadvantages when applied to spinal surgery. Observational studies are popular in spinal surgery literature and are seen in various forms, such as retrospective studies and prospective cohort studies. For researchers, learners, and practicing spine surgeons, this paper describes options for study design when applied to spinal surgery., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation is indicated for the treatment of chronic vertebrogenic low back pain with failure of at least 6 months of conservative treatment. This article details patient positioning and setup, step-by-step instructions for the procedure, and postoperative management. Pearls and pitfalls are also discussed. In addition, an instructional procedure video accompanies this paper and can be found online (at https://vimeo.com/791578426/de0e90cfbe)., Competing Interests: Dr Schroeder has received funds to travel from AOSpine and Medtronic. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Single-center retrospective study., Objectives: The aim was to compare the postoperative outcomes of anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS) in patients with and without cervical spine trauma., Summary of Background: Few papers have addressed airway obstruction after anterior ACSS for patients with cervical spine trauma. This study aimed to compare airway obstruction after ACSS between patients with cervical degenerative disorders and cervical spine injuries and identify the risk factors for unplanned postoperative reintubation., Materials and Methods: Seventy-seven patients who underwent ACSS were enrolled in this retrospective study. There were 52 men and 25 women, with a mean age of 60.3±15.5 years old. The causes of surgery were as follows: 24 cervical spine fractures or dislocations, 12 spinal cord injuries without bony fracture, 19 disc herniations, and 22 myelopathies. The patients' characteristics, operative data, and risk factors for unplanned reintubation within 5 days postoperatively were analyzed using medical records., Results: Postoperative reintubation was performed in 3 patients (3.9%), all of whom suffered trauma. We further examined risk factors for reintubation in patients in the trauma group. There was no significant difference between the reintubation (R) and nonreintubation (non-R) groups in age, sex, body mass index, amount of blood loss and operation time, preoperative paralysis severity, and the number of fused segments. Patients in group R had significantly higher rates of severe anterior element injury (100% vs. 27.3%, P =0.0011). Airway obstruction due to laryngopharyngeal edema and swelling was confirmed by laryngoscopy and computed tomography images., Conclusions: Unplanned reintubation after ACSS occurred at a higher rate in trauma patients than in patients with degenerative disorders. Our results suggested that the severe damage to the anterior element of the cervical spine was associated with postoperative reintubation., Evidence Level: Level IV., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis., Objective: To report the ratio-of-differences between standing and sitting. To understand how sex and age influence these differences., Summary of Background Data: Currently, spinal deformity surgery aims to realign the sagittal profile of the spine with-reference-to the standing posture resulting in overcorrection. New studies report significant disparities between standing and sitting spinal alignment., Methods: A comprehensive search and review of the published literature was performed on 4 platforms in accordance with the PRISMA 2009 checklist by 2 authors independently., Results: From 753 abstracts extracted from the databases, 38 papers involving 5423 patients were identified. sagittal vertical axis was more positive in sitting, with a pooled mean difference of 29.5 mm (95% CI: 17.9-41.0). Pelvic tilt (PT) was larger in sitting, with a pooled mean difference of 16.7 degrees (95% CI: 12.5-20.9), and a pooled odds ratio of 1.2(95% CI:1.1-1.3. P =0.001). Sacral Slope (SS) was smaller and lumbar lordosis (LL) was less lordotic in sitting, with a pooled mean difference of 15.0 degrees (95% CI: 11.918.1) and 21.1 degrees (95% CI:14.5-27.8), respectively, and a pooled odds ratio of 0.7 (95% CI: 0.6-0.8. P <0.001) and 0.7 (95% CI:0.6-0.7, P <0.001), respectively. Pelvic incidence and thoracic kyphosis was similar in sitting. Subgroup meta-analysis comparing odd ratio of standing to sitting showed: Among younger patients (age younger than 50), the PT and LL pooled odds-ratios were 1.4 and 0.7, respectively. Among older patients (age older than or equal to 50), the PT and LL pooled odds-ratios were 1.1 and 0.8, respectively. Among female patients, the SS pooled odds ratio was 0.6. Among male patients, the SS pooled odds ratio was 0.7., Conclusion: When comparing sitting to standing, it gives a more positive sagittal vertical axis, a smaller SS and LL, and a larger PT. pelvic incidence and thoracic kyphosis remained similar. Younger and female patients have pronounced differences in SS, PT, and LL, suggesting the existence of age and sex variations, and its role to be considered when planning for spinal realignment surgeries. Clinical outcome studies are required to ascertain the impact of these findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Reference Managers (RMs) are software applications designed to build web-based libraries to organize, annotate, and reference literature when compiling a research study. With an ever-increasing volume of literature, RMs not only serve to centralize information but also allow seamless in-text citation and 1-click bibliography creation, with the ability to format each citation based on target journal specifications. There are many different RMs available for utilization; some of the most popular are EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, and Paperpile. Each of these aforementioned applications has its own pros and cons, which this paper aims to summarize, though authors should take their individual research needs into consideration when deciding on their preferred reference manager., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Surgical technique paper., Objective: To describe tips and pearls for cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA)., Background: CDA has proven to be an effective means of treatment for degenerative cervical disc disease and cervical radiculopathy in properly selected patients who have previously failed non-operative treatment., Methods: Surgical tips and pearls garnered from more than 20 years of experience with CDA surgery are described., Results: This discussion focuses on pearls for successful procedures, including patient selection, patient positioning, surgical technique, and postoperative protocols., Conclusions: In correctly selected patients, CDA can be effective in treating cervical degenerative disc disease and radiculopathy. The techniques described here can increase the chance of success and decrease complications., Competing Interests: J.Y: Medtronic – education grant. B.B.: Medtronic – consulting payments and research funding. R.S.: Research support-Medtronic, Stryker, AO, Cerapedics, Smith & Nephew, Lilly, Simplify Medical, OrthoFix, Empirical Spine, Royalties-Medtronic, Nuvasive, Saunders Elsevier. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis., Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of local steroid application (LSA) on dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)., Summary of Background Data: Dysphagia is one of the most common adverse events in the early postoperative period of ACDF. LSA is reported as an effective method to reduce the swelling of soft tissues, thereby decreasing the incidence of dysphagia. However, the safety and efficacy of LSA on dysphagia after ACDF need to be systematically reviewed and analyzed., Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out in the database PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Clinical key, Cochrane library, and Wiley Online Library to screen papers that report LSA in ACDF surgery. The Cochrane Collaboration tool and a methodological index for nonrandomized studies were used for the assessment of study quality. Data were analyzed with the Review Manager 5.3 software., Results: A total of 10 studies were included. The results revealed no significant differences between the steroid group and the control group in ACDF regarding postoperative drainage, estimated blood loss, and neck disability index score ( P > 0.05). LSA significantly alleviates visual analog scale score for neck pain (or odynophagia) ( P < 0.05), reduces the length of hospital stay (weighted mean difference, -1.00 (-1.05 to -0.95); P < 0.001), and mitigates dysphagia rate and prevertebral soft-tissue swelling in the early postoperative period ( P < 0.05). There seemed to be no significant increase in the complication rate and steroid-related adverse events in the steroid group compared with the control group ( P < 0.05)., Conclusions: LSA shows advantages in reducing the length of hospital stay, decreasing dysphagia rate, and mitigating prevertebral soft-tissue swelling in the early postoperative period of ACDF. Further large-scale studies are urgently required for the development of a standard protocol for LSA and further analysis of potential delay complications., Competing Interests: J.w.W. and P.z.S. contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship. The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The success of obtaining answers in any research project relies on how well the investigators are able to ask the right question. The PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes) approach provides a framework to develop this question utilizing four major elements: Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes. This paper provides a framework for both the young and the experienced surgeon in the use of the PICO approach to construct a clear research question., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common form of axial spondyloarthritis, characterized by inflammatory back pain, radiographic sacroiliitis, excess spinal bone formation, and a high prevalence of HLA-B27. Commonly, AS patients require spinal surgery for kyphotic deformities, spinal trauma, and spinal infections. For preoperative management, proper interruption considering each specific half-lives of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are necessary to avoid complications, such as infections. When feasible, bone quality assessment before surgery is mandatory. For intraoperative measurements, airway management should be carefully evaluated, especially in patients with severe cervical deformities. Cardiac, renal, and pulmonary assessment should be made considering specific pathologic characteristics involved in AS patients, such as pulmonary restrictive disease and chronic anti-inflammatory drugs use. Multimodal neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring is recommended once these patients had a high risk for neurological deterioration. At the postoperative period, early oral intake, early mobilization, and aggressive pain control may decrease complications and enhance recovery. AS presents several unique challenges that require specific attention around spine surgery. This includes handling preoperative and postoperative pharmacotherapeutics, intraoperative airway management, and the mitigation of postoperative complications. In this paper, we provide a literature review of optimal strategies for the perioperative management for patients with AS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Extrusion and sequestration of the nucleus pulposus involving the spinal canal or the foramina/recesses complicates up to 28% of the lumbar disc herniations. The transpars/translaminar anatomical approach is well described and its advantages when handling with a lateral, foraminal extruded disc herniation are appreciated and recognized. Nevertheless, this approach presents several pitfalls such as the risk of disconnecting the pars interarticularis, which may cause segmental instability. This particular eventuality is because of the particular anatomical conformation of the pars interarticularis. Although already part of the modern surgical armamentarium for general, orthopedic, cranial and spinal surgeons, the use of the ultrasonic scalpel technique for such approach has never been discussed to date, to the best of our knowledge. The purpose of the present paper is therefore to introduce and describe the stepwise technique along with an extensive discussion of the facilitating role of the ultrasonic scalpel in the translaminar/transpars approach in the management of extruded disc herniation of the lumbar spine., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Narrative review., Objective: To compare the various surgical methods of repairing spondylolysis defects in regard to improving pain, restoration of function, radiographic improvement, and complication rate., Summary of Background Data: Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch, typically in the lumbar vertebra. Treatment can be nonoperative and/or surgical. There are various types of surgical repair including spinal compression, fusion, and direct pars repair., Methods: A comprehensive review of the English literature was performed utilizing Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included papers or abstracts that evaluated the surgical techniques. Exclusion criteria included non-English-language papers or abstracts with inadequate information about outcomes., Results: Postoperative pain levels and patient function were consistently improved, regardless of surgical technique chosen. Positive clinical outcomes after surgery were seen more often in patients under age 20 and those who underwent minimally invasive repairs. Positive radiographic improvements were reported broadly, although some reported higher rates of nonunion with spinal compression. Complication rates were low throughout and minimally invasive techniques reported decreased blood loss and shorter hospital stays., Conclusions: Present surgical options appear largely comparable in terms of their ability to provide meaningful treatment for spondylolysis where conservative treatments have failed or otherwise remain unattempted., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis., Objective: The aim of this study is to compare hybrid constructs with traditional fusion-only constructs for the incidence of adjacent segment degeneration (ASDeg) and clinical outcomes in patients with degenerative lumbar diseases., Summary of Background Data: Spinal fusion is a standard surgery for various pathologies of the lumbar spine, which results in changes to the biomechanics of the spine, potentially leading to ASDeg. Although ASDeg can occur slowly as a natural course, early-onset ASDeg is regarded to be related to fusion surgery., Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify studies that match the purpose. Included studies were compared using the incidence of ASDeg, Oswestry Disability Index, Visual Analog Score, and perioperative outcomes. We calculated the Peto odds ratio and mean difference (MD) for the continuous variables, respectively. In the hybrid group, subgroup analysis was also performed among devices., Results: Among 10 papers involving 767 patients, 372 patients underwent hybrid fusion and 395 patients underwent fusion-only. ASDeg occurred in 10.2% in the hybrid and 21.5% in the fusion-only group [Peto odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23-0.64]. The MD for Visual Analog Score were 0.45 (95% CI, 0.05-0.85) between 2 groups, which was statistically significant but was too small to have clinical significance. The MD for Oswestry Disability Index was 0.93 (95% CI, -1.016 to 2.872), which was not statistically different between 2 groups. The hybrid is superior for 18 minutes (95% CI, 5.78-30.72) shorter than typical surgery., Conclusions: Hybrid lumbar surgery decreased the incidence of early-onset ASDeg for about 2 years of follow-up. Among the hybrid constructs, the interspinous devices group accomplished favorable results with a lower risk. Adjacent segment disease was not as statistically significant as ASDeg, but adjacent segment disease may show a substantial difference for >2-year follow-up., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Spinal cord stimulator trials are indicated for the treatment of postlaminectomy syndrome with persistent severe back and limb pain which has failed conservative treatment options and where no further surgery is indicated. They are also indicated for refractory complex regional pain syndrome. This article details patient positioning and set up, step-by-step instructions for the procedure and postoperative management. Pearls and pitfalls are also discussed. In addition, an instructional procedure video, Supplemental Digital Content 1 (http://links.lww.com/CLINSPINE/A121) accompanies this paper., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

In using observational, nonrandomized data, there is often interest in studying the effect of a particular treatment on a specific outcome. However, the imbalance of potential confounding variables between the treatment groups can distort the relationship between treatment and outcome. Propensity score matching is one, increasingly utilized, method to help account for such imbalances, allowing for a more accurate estimation of the influence of treatment on outcome. In this paper, we provide the clinician with an overview of propensity score matching techniques and provide a practical example of how this has been used in clinical research relevant to spine surgery., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Ankylosing spondylitis and hereditary hypophosphatemia with long-term high dose supplementation of phosphorous and calcitriol can both lead to severe structural abnormalities of the vertebrae. Impairment of spinal mobility and spinal deformity may ultimately necessitate surgical treatment. A severe fixed hyperkyphosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis is a surgically demanding condition, therefore, the indication for surgical treatment should be thoroughly considered and chosen individually., Methods: This is an uncommon case with a combination of a severe fixed hyperkyphosis with a Cobb-angle of 105 degrees between Th2 and L4 in an adult male patient suffering from ankylosing spondylitis and X-linked hypophosphatemia with surprisingly massive osteopetrosis. In this paper, the coexisting conditions of late-stage ankylosing spondylitis and long-term treated hereditary hypophosphatemia are highlighted. The surgical treatment with different techniques, complications, and results are well explained., Results: A normal gait and stand were achieved by a long posterior fusion with 3 pedicle subtraction osteotomies on L1, L3, and L5. The surgical correction was performed in 3 stages. Postoperative the patient was administered to a rehabilitation center for 3 months. The hyperkyphosis, the C7 plumbline, and the pelvic retroversion were corrected., Conclusions: Surgical treatment of a severe fixed hyperkyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis is technically demanding but can be successfully achieved if all surgical challenges and comorbidities are adequately addressed including intraoperative surprising findings like osteopetrotic bone in a patient with hereditary hypophosphatemia as in our case.

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study., Objective: To evaluate the effect of O-arm navigation in percutaneous surgeries for thoracolumbar fracture in comparison to the use of conventional fluoroscopic technique., Summary of Background Data: O-arm navigation is a progressive surgical tool, with extensive research papers reporting its effects. Whereas, there were not many papers describing its accuracy and facet impingement rate when compared with fluoroscopy-guided technique in percutaneous surgeries, especially at varying fracture levels., Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective comparative study of 97 consecutive patients of single-level neurological intact thoracolumbar fractures from November 2015 to October 2017 and they were all treated with percutaneous pedicle screw implantation. Screws were classified as 4 grades of perforations and 3 grades of facet joint violation. The association between variables such as anatomic perforation, functional perforation, and facet impingement were investigated by χ test, Fisher exact test or t test. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: A total of 573 pedicle screws were implanted and graded. The overall anatomic perforation rate and functional perforation rate were lower in the O-arm group compared with the fluoroscopy group (8.3% vs. 15.0%, P=0.013, 1.1% vs. 4.2%, P=0.024). At fracture level, the rate of grade 2 perforation of the O-arm group was lower than that of the fluoroscopy group (0% vs. 6.1%, P=0.033). Furthermore, the O-arm group obviously reduced the facet impingement rate both at all levels and at fracture levels (P=0.002; 0.02)., Conclusions: In percutaneous pedicle screw placement for neurological intact thoracolumbar fracture, the introduction of O-arm navigation improved accuracy, reduced functional perforations, and minimized serious perforations compared with conventional fluoroscopic technique. It also decreased facet joint violation observably and helped to prevent development of adjacent segment degeneration.

Propensity score matching (PSM) is a commonly used statistical method in orthopedic surgery research that accomplishes the removal of confounding bias from observational cohorts where the benefit of randomization is not possible. An alternative to multiple regression analysis, PSM attempts to reduce the effects of confounders by matching already treated subjects with control subjects who exhibit a similar propensity for treatment based on preexisting covariates that influence treatment selection. It, therefore, establishes a new control group by discarding outlier control subjects. This new control group reduces the unwanted influences of covariates, allowing for proper measurement of the intended variable. An example from orthopedic spine literature is discussed to illustrate how PSM may be applied in practice. PSM is uniquely valuable in its utility and simplicity, but it is limited in that it requires the removal of data and works primarily on binary treatments. In addition to matching, the propensity score can be used for stratification, covariate adjustments, and inverse probability of treatment weighting, but these topics are outside the scope of this paper. Personnel in the orthopedic field would benefit from learning about the function and application of this method given its common use in the orthopedic literature.

Study Design: A bibliometric review of the literature., Object: To analyze and quantify the most frequently cited papers in intervertebral disk research., Summary of Background Data: The number of citations that a paper has received reflects its impact in related research area. In the field of disk research, however, it remains unknown which papers are most cited. By searching related literature databases, we identified the most cited 100 articles that advanced the understanding of the intervertebral disk to provide a historic view of scientific research of the disk., Materials and Methods: Intervertebral disk original research-related publications from January 1, 1900 to December 31, 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. Each retrieved article was analyzed using the Cited Reference Search tool to identify the most cited articles. The number of citations, year of publication, publishing journal, authorship, country of publication, and the knowledge maps of keywords were gathered and generated., Results: The number of citations of the 100 selected articles ranges from 209 to 1269, and they were published from 1953 to 2009. Basic research is the most common type of study (n=60), followed by epidemiological study (n=40). Spine published 57 of the most cited 100 papers. The greatest contribution came from the United States of America (n=41), followed by the United Kingdom (n=18) and Japan (n=9). Frequently appearing keywords classified into 3 clusters: "biological study," "clinical study," and "imageological study." The keyword "degeneration" was mentioned the most, 51 items, and the word "development" was the latest hot spot in the most cited articles., Conclusions: In the field of disk research, some papers were heavily cited more than 100 times, suggesting these studies have substantially contributed to the body of knowledge of the intervertebral disk and findings were widely accepted by related clinicians and scientists.

Degenerative spondylolisthesis with or without spondylolysis, multiply recurrent disk herniation, and degenerative disk disease commonly presents as back and leg pain, weakness and paresthesias. Surgical intervention, to include lumbar decompression with instrumented fusion with or without interbody fusion, is recommended to patients who are refractory to at least six weeks of nonoperative treatment, or patients with severe or progressive neurological deficits. This paper reviews the pre- and post-operative considerations, as well as the surgical technique, for a minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the above conditions.

Lumbar radiofrequency ablation is indicated for the treatment of chronic axial low back pain that is mediated by facet arthropathy which has failed more conservative treatment options. This article details proper equipment and medications, patient positioning and setup, step-by-step instructions for multiplanar fluoroscopic visualization, cannula placement, and postoperative management. Pearls and pitfalls are also discussed. In addition, an instructional procedure video (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/CLINSPINE/A90) accompanies this paper.

Odontoid fractures represent one of the most common and controversial injury types affecting the cervical spine, being associated with a high incidence of nonunion, morbidity, and mortality. These complications are especially common and important in elderly patients, for which ideal treatment options are still under debate. Stable fractures in young patients maybe treated conservatively, with immobilization. Although halo-vest has been widely used for their conservative management, studies have shown high rates of complications in the elderly, and therefore current evidence suggests that the conservative management of these fractures should be carried out with a hard cervical collar or cervicothoracic orthosis. Elderly patients with stable fractures have been reported to have better clinical results with surgical treatment. For these and for all patients with unstable fractures, several surgical techniques have been proposed. Anterior odontoid fixation can be used in reducible fractures with ideal fracture patterns, with older patients requiring fixation with 2 screws. In other cases, C1-C2 posterior fixation maybe needed with the best surgical option depending on the reducibility of the fracture and vertebral artery anatomy. In this paper, current evidence on the management of odontoid fractures is discussed, and an algorithm for treatment is proposed.

Developing a well-written research paper is an important step in completing a scientific study. This paper is where the principle investigator and co-authors report the purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions of the study. A key element of writing a research paper is to clearly and objectively report the study's findings in the Results section. The Results section is where the authors inform the readers about the findings from the statistical analysis of the data collected to operationalize the study hypothesis, optimally adding novel information to the collective knowledge on the subject matter. By utilizing clear, concise, and well-organized writing techniques and visual aids in the reporting of the data, the author is able to construct a case for the research question at hand even without interpreting the data.

An acute paraspinal compartment syndrome (CS) is a rare condition and is only described in a few case reports. In our spine surgery department, a 16-year-old boy with severe low back pain due to a lumbar paraspinal CS. was treated with a paraspinal fasciotomy. After this case, we performed a cadaver study to determinate the compartment. The objective of this paper is to give a description of the anatomic lumbar paraspinal compartment and our surgical technique, a transmuscular paraspinal approach described by Wiltse and colleagues. The lumbar CS is most often seen in the lateral compartment where the erector spinae muscle, subdivided into the iliocostalis and the longissimus, is encased within a clear fascia. Lumbar paraspinal CS is a rare complication but should always be recognized. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy helps you to understand the clinical signs and start a correct treatment.

Study Design: Narrative review., Background: Cervical decompressive laminectomy is a common posterior approach for addressing multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. However, there is a concern that cervical laminectomy can lead to kyphotic deformity with subsequent neurological decline. In this context, cervical laminectomy with fusion using lateral mass instrumentation has become increasingly utilized with the aim of reducing the risk of developing postoperative kyphotic deformity, which is thought to predispose to poorer neurological outcomes in the long term., Objective: To compare the evidence for stand-alone cervical laminectomy with laminectomy with posterior fusion in terms of clinical outcomes and the incidence of adverse events, particularly the development of postoperative cervical kyphosis., Material and Methods: Initial Medline search using MeSH terms yielded 226 articles, 23 of which were selected. An additional PubMed search and the reference list of individual papers were utilized to identify the remaining papers of relevance., Results: Cervical laminectomy both with and without fusion offers effective decompression for symptomatic multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The incidence of postlaminectomy kyphosis is lower following posterior fusion; however, there seems to be no clinical-radiologic correlation given that patients who develop postoperative kyphosis often do not progress to clinical myelopathy. Furthermore, there are specific additional risks of posterior instrumentation that need to be considered., Conclusion: In carefully selected patients with normal preoperative cervical sagittal alignment, stand-alone cervical laminectomy may offer acceptably low rates of postoperative kyphosis. In patients with preoperative loss of cervical lordosis and/or kyphosis, posterior fusion is recommended to reduce the risk of progression to postoperative kyphotic deformity, bearing in mind that radiologic evidence of kyphosis may not necessarily correlate with poorer clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the specific risks associated with posterior fusion (instrumentation failure, pseudarthrosis, infection, C5 nerve root palsy, and vertebral artery injury) need to be considered and weighed up against potential benefits.

Prospective research studies answer clinical questions via randomized control studies or prospective cohort studies. Bias is defined as any deviation from the truth when interpreting data. Broadly speaking, bias is categorized into 3 categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. Furthermore, misinterpretation of presented statistics in research studies causes acceptance of conclusions which may not necessarily be true. This paper identifies sources of bias in prospective research and instructions to avoid bias.

The Materials and methods section of a research paper is oftentimes the first and easiest part to write. It details the steps taken to answer a research hypothesis, the success of which determines whether or not the study can be replicated. Arranging the section in chronological order, writing succinctly, and consistently using the third-person passive voice adds clarity and improves readability. Furthermore, utilizing headers, tables, and flow charts to break down difficult and complex experiments into logical subsections makes it easier for the reader to grasp complicated designs.

Ideally, the Introduction is an essential attention grabbing section of a research paper. If written correctly, the Introduction peaks the reader's interest as well as serves as a roadmap for the rest of the paper. An effective Introduction builds off related empirical research and demonstrates a gap in which the current study fills. Finally, the Introduction proposes the research question(s) which will be answered in subsequent sections of the paper. A strong Introduction also requires the use of a simple and well-organized format as well as the avoidance of common pitfalls.

Classification systems provide organization for pathologic conditions and guide treatment for similar disease states. Spine deformity is a growing field with newer classification systems being developed as our surgical techniques and clinical understanding advances. The evolution of these classification systems reflects our current knowledge and are used to better understand the evolving field of spine surgery. Currently, classification systems in spine surgery range from describing deformity in different age groups and different regions of the spine to describing various osteotomies and the severity of proximal junctional kyphosis. This paper will describe what makes a successful classification system in spine deformity. Old classification systems will be briefly described and their limitations that necessitated the need for newer classification systems. Newer systems will also be reviewed and the importance of specific radiographic parameters. Finishing this review, clinicians will be able to pick which systems are ideal for their practice.

Full endoscopy spine surgery is one of the minimally invasive procedures for lumbar spine disease and is especially popular in East Asia. As for the interlaminar approach, lumbar recess stenosis can be manipulated through a uniportal bigger diameter working channel spinal endoscope or a smaller one, or a biportal arthroscope. Each kind of procedure has its advantages and shortcomings. Here, a novel experience in biportal interlaminar approach for lumbar recess stenosis is presented. A smaller uniportal spinal endoscope is adopted for biportal procedures rather than the arthroscope. Briefly, 2 spinal endoscope working tubes are placed onto the interlaminar window of the target segment. Both of the 2 working tubes can serve as either a viewing or working channel, which means that more flexible visual fields and instrument manipulation can be used during the procedures. Bigger surgical instruments can be used directly through one working tube, and the visual field can be provided by the spinal endoscope in the other working tube. Smaller surgical instruments can be used at the same time through the working channel of the endoscope. The 2 working tubes can change their roles according to the surgeon's needs. This paper will describe the surgical technique and perioperative management.

There are many questions in the literature that remain unanswered due to the paucity of available subjects or the large sample size needed to detect a difference. A meta-analysis consists of integrating together data from multiple studies into one larger data set in order to increase the subject size and power of a paper. In essence, it is a systematic review in which one uses statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies. It is important that a meta-analysis be performed in a systematic and orderly manner with the assistance of a statistician. When carried out correctly, these studies serve as powerful tools to help us better address our knowledge. Because of their complexity, they are prone to bias at multiple levels. This article will discuss the steps involved in performing a meta-analysis, select good studies, as well as explain the statistics conducted in these studies. Furthermore, we will discuss examples from the literature that demonstrate a good meta-analysis.

With the exponential increase in research in the field of spine surgery, publishing peer-reviewed articles has become both more desirable and competitive in the past decade. Constructing an impactful manuscript has many important factors, one of which is a well-written Discussion section. A research study can ask a pressing question, have a meticulous methodology and report compelling results; however, without a thoughtful and well-informed analysis of the meaning of the study's findings and their potential influence on the field, the paper will be uninteresting and weak. Thus, formulating an effective Discussion section is crucial to improving the likelihood of the study's publication and its impact.

Study Design: Anatomic study using computed tomographic scans., Objective: The purpose of this paper was to determine the trajectory of pedicle screw insertions, in regard to posterior bony landmarks encountered during standard posterior exposure of the spine between the seventh cervical (C7) and the fifth thoracic (T5) vertebrae, when lateral fluoroscopic and radiographic guidance may be obstructed by the scapula and shoulders., Summary of Background Data: Only a few studies have evaluated the intraoperative sagittal trajectory of pedicle screw insertion., Materials and Methods: We assessed 64 participants of a health screening program using whole-spine computed tomographic scans. On the basis of 5 previously reported methods, we designed 3 freehand trajectories: lamina surface method (angle between the superior vertebral endplate and the surface of the lamina), spinous process method (angle between the superior vertebral endplate and a line connecting the tips of the index spinous process and the one cephalad to it), and facet tilt method (angle between the superior endplate and the superior facet tilt). We calculated each of the angles for the C7-T5 vertebrae and determined the most reliable method using coefficients of variation (CV) and intraobserver and interobserver reliability., Results: The lamina surface method had the smallest CVs for C7 and T1, and the mean angles were larger than 90 degrees (range, 94.7-102.4 degrees). The spinous process method had the smallest CVs between T2 and T5, and the mean angles were <90 degrees (range, 85.0-87.0 degrees). The intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities were good or excellent for both methods., Conclusions: The ideal sagittal trajectories for pedicle screw insertion are nearly orthogonal to the lamina surface or the line connecting the spinous processes, but were different for each of the vertebrae. The lamina surface method was the most reliable for C7 and T1, whereas the spinous process method was most reliable between T2 and T5., Level of Evidence: Level III.

Fluoroscopically guided lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections are indicated for the treatment of lumbar radicular pain that has failed more conservative options. This article details proper equipment and medications, patient positioning and set-up, step-by-step instructions for multiplanar fluoroscopic visualization, needle advancement and medication instillation, and postoperative management. Pearls and pitfalls are also discussed. In addition, an instructional procedure video accompanies this paper.

Atlanto-axial rotatory-subluxation (AARS) is the most common pediatric cervical spine injury. Patients usually present with contralateral rotation and inclination of the upper cervical spine after minor trauma, or associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract. According to the authors, initial management of patients with acute and chronic AARS type I-II should comprise closed reduction and immobilization with a cervical collar or a Halo-Body-Jacket. Surgical options of open reduction or C1/2 fusion should be restricted to irreducible or recurrent subluxations. This paper reviews the detailed technique of transoral closed reduction of AARS, as well as the preoperative and postoperative considerations.

Study Design: Review of spine surgery literature between 2005 and 2014 to assess the reporting of patient outcomes by determining the variability of use of patient outcomes metrics in the following categories: pain and disability, patient satisfaction, readmission, and depression., Objective: Expose the heterogeneity of outcomes reporting and discuss current initiatives to create more homogenous outcomes databases., Summary of Background Data: There has been a recent focus on the reporting of quality metrics associated with spine surgery outcomes. However, little consensus exists on the optimal metrics that should be used to measure spine surgery outcomes., Materials and Methods: A PubMed search of all spine surgery manuscripts from January 2005 through December 2014 was performed. Linear regression analyses were performed on individual metrics as well as outcomes categories as a fraction of total papers reviewing surgical outcomes., Results: Outcomes reporting has increased significantly between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014 [175/2871 (6.1%) vs. 764/5603 (13.6%), respectively; P<0.001; R=98.1%]. For the category of pain and disability reporting, Visual Analog Score demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in use from 2005 through 2014 [56/76 (73.7%) vs. 300/520 (57.7%), respectively; P<0.001], whereas Oswestry Disability Index increased significantly in use [19/76 (25.0%) vs. 182/520 (35.0%), respectively; P<0.001]. For quality of life, EuroQOL-5 Dimensions increased significantly in use between 2005 and 2014 [4/23 (17.4%) vs. 30/87 (34.5%), respectively; P<0.01]. In contrast, use of 36 Item Short Form Survey significantly decreased [19/23 (82.6%) vs. 57/87 (65.5%), respectively; P<0.01]. For depression, only the Zung Depression Scale underwent a significant increase in usage between 2005 and 2014 [0/0 (0%) vs. 7/13 (53.8%), respectively; P<0.01]., Conclusions: Although spine surgery outcome reporting has increased significantly over the past 10 years, there remains considerable heterogeneity in regards to individual outcomes metrics utilized. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to compare outcomes across studies and to accurately extrapolate outcomes to clinical practice.