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To identify and compare the free amino acids in the saliva of periodontitis patients and healthy individuals and to assess their levels in different periodontal disease types. There were three groups: healthy individuals (control (C); n = 20), Stage III Grade B generalized periodontitis (GP-B; n = 20), and Stage III Grade C generalized periodontitis (GP-C; n = 20). Clinical periodontal parameters were measured. Amino acid analysis of the saliva was accomplished by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS), taking the mean concentration. Citrulline and carnosine concentrations were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis than in the control group (p < 0.017). Methionine, glutamic acid, and arginine showed significantly higher concentrations in GP-C, whereas proline and tryptophan showed higher concentrations in the GP-B group (p < 0.017). There was a significant correlation between methionine, citrulline, arginine, and carnosine and clinical periodontal parameters. Our results demonstrate that periodontal status and disease type can result in variations in salivary amino acid (AA) content in correlation with clinical inflammatory signs. The significant correlation of methionine, citrulline, carnosine, and arginine with clinical parameters, regardless of systemic status, suggests that the levels of different salivary free AAs play roles in periodontitis. Salivary free AAs may be suggested as a potential diagnostic compound in patients with periodontitis. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04642716

In recent years, adipokines have been reported to play an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, our aim was to investigate the salivary levels of visfatin, chemerin, and progranulin and their relationship with periodontal health and disease.A total of 72 patients were included in the study, 23 of which were periodontally healthy, 24 had gingivitis, and 25 had periodontitis. The clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were recorded. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and the concentration of adipokines was evaluated using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Salivary visfatin levels were higher in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis compared to those of healthy subjects, while there was no difference between the mean values of gingivitis and periodontitis groups (P 0.05). There was no difference between the mean values of gingivitis and healthy groups regarding salivary chemerin (P 0.05), whereas it was detected at higher levels in the periodontitis group compared to the gingivitis and the healthy groups (P 0.01). Salivary progranulin levels were similar in all groups (P 0.05). The salivary visfatin level was positively related to PI and GI. The salivary chemerin level was positively related to GI, PD, and CAL.These results demonstrated that the higher levels of chemerin in the saliva of patients with periodontitis were correlated with the degree of tissue destruction.Chemerin may be a novel biomarker in saliva to determine the severity of periodontal disease.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on markers of oxidative stress in saliva and serum in patients with chronic periodontitis. In total, 25 patients, who were diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis (11 females and 14 males), and 26 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (15 females and 11 males) were included. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), attachment loss (AL), gingival recession (GR), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and 6 weeks later. Malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) were assessed in saliva and serum samples before and after the non-surgical treatment by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). In the group with chronic periodontitis, all clinical parameters were significantly higher compared to the control group at baseline (p