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Objective: Differential diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common referral questions for neuropsychological evaluation but is complicated by the presence of external incentives. Validity assessment is therefore critical in such evaluations, employing symptom validity tests (SVTs) and performance validity tests (PVTs) to assess the validity of reported symptoms and cognitive test performance, respectively. This study aimed to establish the base rate of symptom and performance invalidity in adults referred for ADHD, compare concordance between performance and symptom validity, and assess the impact of each type of validity on cognitive test performance. Method: This consecutive case series included data from 392 demographically-diverse adults who underwent outpatient neuropsychological evaluation for ADHD. All patients were administered the Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult (CAT-A) and a uniform cognitive test battery, including seven PVTs. Results: Invalid symptom reporting and PVT performance were found in 22% and 16% of the sample, respectively. Sixty-eight percent had concordantly valid SVTs/PVTs and 6% had invalid SVTs/PVTs, whereas the remaining 26% had either invalid SVTs or PVTs (but not both). Invalid PVT performance resulted in a significant decrease across all cognitive test scores, with generally large effects (ηp2=.01-.18). Invalid symptom reporting had minimal effects on cognitive test performance (ηp2= ≤.04). Conclusions: PVTs and SVTs are dissociable and therefore should not be used interchangeably in the context of adult ADHD evaluations. Rather, symptom and performance validity should continue to be assessed independently as they provide largely non-redundant information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Clinical evaluation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) not only requires assessment of symptoms, but also consideration of the degree to which symptoms lead to impairment within various functional domains. However, ADHD evaluations in adulthood often rely on self-reported functional impairment, which might be vulnerable to malingering/noncredible responding. The present study utilized a clinical sample/known groups design to examine the relationship of noncredible presentation to functional impairment ratings by analyzing differential associations with both symptom and performance validity tests (SVTs and PVTs). Method: Participants were 168 postsecondary students who completed psychoeducational assessments for ADHD to determine their eligibility for academic accommodations and/or medications. Impairment ratings on the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) of 71 students who presented in a noncredible fashion were compared to 72 students who appeared to present credibly (controls) and 25 students diagnosed with ADHD who appeared to present credibly (clinical controls). Results: Relative to both control groups, individuals who presented noncredibly reported higher levels of disability on most functional domains and a higher percentage provided responses that fell in the impaired range on all functional domains of the WFIRS. Conclusions: Findings provide additional evidence that ADHD-related functional impairment ratings are susceptible to noncredible presentation and highlight the need for assessors to include both SVTs and PVTs in ADHD evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined the test-retest reliability and the factorial validity of the Children's Color Trails Test 1 & 2 (CCTT) using two distinct and independent studies and their respective research samples. The reliability of the CCTT was evaluated in a study with 6-12-year-old children (n = 54) strictly selected and diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from an interventional protocol using test-retest coefficients at 8- and 16-week time intervals. Factorial validity was investigated using groups of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n = 137), children with other types of trauma than brain or head injury (Other Injury) (n = 132), and healthy controls (n = 114) from a protocol assessing the neuropsychological sequelae of traumatic brain injury. The results revealed completion time test-retest reliability in the moderate range, which may be considered modest (rtt =.46-.68) in this sample of children with ADHD. Interference reliability coefficients were greater and in the moderate-high range (rtt =.75-.78). Factorial analytic results revealed a three-factor structure solution for all three groups (TBI, Other Injury, and controls). As a result of CCTT's factorial loadings, Factor 1 was labeled speed of perceptual tracking and susceptibility to interference, Factor 2 was labeled inattention and impulsivity, and Factor 3 was labeled simple inattention. Relative limitations and strengths associated with this investigation including practice effects associated with repeated CCTT administrations also were addressed within the context of the extant findings and existing trail-making test literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]